Viacheslav Chornovil

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In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Maksymovych and the family name is Chornovil.

Viacheslav Chornovil
В'ячеслав Чорновіл
Chairman of the Lviv Oblast Council
In office
April 1990 – April 1992
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byMykola Horyn [uk]
People's Deputy of Ukraine
In office
15 May 1990 – 26 March 1999
Constituency
Personal details
Born(1937-12-24)24 December 1937
Yerky, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Died25 March 1999(1999-03-25) (aged 61)
Ivankiv, Ukraine
Political partyPeople's Movement of Ukraine (from 1989)
Other political
affiliations		Komsomol (c. late 1950s–1966)
Spouses
Iryna Burynets
​
​
(m. 1960; div. 1962)​
Olena Antoniv
​
​
(m. 1963, divorced)​
​
(m. 1969)​
Children2 (Andriy, Taras)
Alma materTaras Shevchenko University of Kyiv
Occupation
AwardsOrder of State
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise
Shevchenko Prize (1996)
Signature

Viacheslav Maksymovych Chornovil (Ukrainian: В'ячеслав Максимович Чорновіл; 24 December 1937 – 25 March 1999) was a Ukrainian politician and Soviet dissident. As a prominent Ukrainian dissident in the Soviet Union, he was arrested multiple times in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s for his political views.[4] From 1992 onwards, Chornovil was one of the leaders of Rukh, the People's Movement of Ukraine, which was the first opposition party in democratic Ukraine, and editor-in-chief of the newspaper Chas-Time (Chas) from 1995. One of the most prominent political figures of the 1980s and 1990s, Chornovil paved the way for contemporary Ukraine to regain its independence.

Born in Kyiv Oblast, Chornovil was originally a journalist in newspaper and television before he was fired and sentenced to forced labour due to his dissident activism. Chornovil became one of Ukraine's foremost independence activists, and was an early member of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. In 1988, he founded the People's Movement of Ukraine, the first non-communist party in Ukraine, and ran unsuccessfully to be the first president of independent Ukraine in 1991, losing to Leonid Kravchuk.

Following the 1994 Ukrainian presidential election, Chornovil became one of President Leonid Kuchma's foremost critics. Though he was expected to face Kuchma in the 1999 Ukrainian presidential election, his sudden and mysterious death in a car accident brought an end to his campaign. Chornovil has been remembered as one of the most significant figures in Ukraine's regained independence in 1991.

Early life and education[edit]

Chornovil's childhood home in Vilkhovets, Cherkasy Oblast [uk]

Viacheslav Maksymovych Chornovil was born on 24 December 1937 in the village of Yerky, in what was then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, to a family of teachers.[5] His father, Maksym Iosypovych Chornovil, was descended from Cossack nobility, while his mother was part of the aristocratic Tereshchenko family. In spite of the Soviet policy of state atheism and the Russification of Ukraine, the young Chornovil was raised in Ukrainian Christian traditions, with his family celebrating Ukrainian festivals in their home.[6]

Born and raised during the Great Purge, Viacheslav's childhood was dominated by Soviet repressions; his paternal uncle, Petro Iosypovych, was executed, while his father lived as a fugitive. The family regularly moved from village to village in an effort by Maksym to evade arrest.[7] During World War II and the German occupation of Ukraine the Chornovil family lived in the village of Husakove [uk], where Viacheslav attended school. Following the recapture of Husakove by the Soviet Union, his family was expelled from the village. The family later lived in Vilkhovets [uk], where they had lived prior to Husakove, and where Viacheslav later graduated from middle school with a gold medal in 1955.[8]

Chornovil enrolled at the Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv the same year, studying to become a journalist. At this time he also joined the Komsomol, the youth division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. During his time in Kyiv Chornovil first acquired an interest in politics, becoming a strong believer in friendship of peoples and internationalism. The negative response by Kyiv's Russophone population to those who spoke the Ukrainian language disgruntled him and left him with an increased consciousness of his status as a Ukrainian.[9] Like other young Soviet activists of the time, Chornovil was also influenced by the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956, in which Nikita Khrushchev denounced the rule of Joseph Stalin.[10]

Chornovil's noncomformist views brought him into conflict with the faculty's newspaper, which condemned him for "nonstandard thinking" in 1957.[11] As a result, he was forced to pause his studies and sent to work as an udarnik[8] constructing a blast furnace in the Donbas city of Zhdanov (today known as Mariupol). He also worked as an itinerant editor for the Kyiv Komsomolets newspaper. After a year, he returned to his studies, graduating in 1960 with distinction.[11] His diploma dissertation was on the publicist works of Borys Hrinchenko.[12] The same year, he married his first wife, Iryna Brunevets. The two had one son, Andriy, before divorcing in 1962.[13]

Journalistic and party career[edit]

Following his graduation Chornovil became an editor at Lviv Television (now Suspilne Lviv [uk]) in July 1960, where he had previously worked as an assistant from January of the same year. During this time, he possibly met and interacted with Zenovii Krasivskyi [uk], who was studying television journalism at the University of Lviv. Much like Chornovil, Krasivskyi would later become a leader of the dissident movement. Chornovil wrote scripts for the channel's broadcasts, primarily concerning the history of Ukrainian literature.[14] At least three (on Mykhailo Stelmakh, Vasyl Chumak [uk], and the Young Muses [uk]) were broadcast in 1962.[15] During this time, Chornovil also took up literary criticism, focusing particularly on the works of Taras Shevchenko, Volodymyr Samiilenko [uk], and Borys Hrinchenko.[16]

Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant, where Chornovil worked as a Komsomol secretary from 1963 to 1964

Chornovil left his job at Lviv Television in May 1963 to return to Kyiv. There, he was the Kyiv Komsomol secretary for the construction of Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant.[16] He simultaneously worked as an editor for the Kyiv-based newspapers Young Guard and Second Reading,[8] and was part of the Artistic Youths' Club [uk], an informal group of intellectuals affiliated with the counter-cultural Sixtier movement.[17] In June 1963, Chornovil married his second wife, Olena Antoniv [uk], and by 1964, Chornovil's second son, Taras, was born.[13] Chornovil also passed exams for post-graduate courses at the Kyiv Paedagogical Institute in 1964, but he was denied the right to take courses on the basis of his political beliefs.[16] In particular was his involvement in the Artistic Youths' Club.[17]

Shevchenko Day [uk] on 9 March 1964 was marked by celebrations throughout the Soviet Union marking the 150th anniversary of Taras Shevchenko's birth. As part of the Shevchenko Day celebrations Chornovil gave a speech to the workers of the Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant. During his speech, he described Shevchenko as a uniquely Ukrainian hero, rejecting official interpretations, which emphasised Shevchenko's role in anti-serfdom activities. Tying Shevchenko's life to Ukrainians' history, Chornovil said, "Let's read Kobzar together, and we shall see that in all the poet's work, from the first to the last line, a red line passes through with trembling love for the disgraced and despised native land," and that Shevchenko's works themselves argued, "every system built on the oppression of man by man, on contempt for human dignity and inalienable human rights, on the suppression of free, human thoughts, on the oppression of one nation by another nation, and in whatever new form it may hide — it is against human nature, and must be destroyed."[18]

Historian Yaroslav Seko notes that Chornovil's speech placed him as a member of the Sixtiers. However, he also advises that the speech was far from the most important work of the Sixtier movement and that Chornovil's role was minimal in comparison to individuals such as Ivan Dziuba, writer of Internationalism or Russification?, and Yevhen Sverstiuk.[19] On 8 August 1965, during the opening of a monument to Shevchenko in the village of Sheshory [uk], Chornovil gave a speech with strongly anti-communist overtones. As a result, he was fired from his Komsomol job. Following his firing, Chornovil wrote several letters to the leadership of the Komsomol in an effort to demonstrate his innocence.[13]

Dissident and human rights activist[edit]

1965–1966 purge[edit]

Chornovil's co-protestors at the 1965 Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors premiere
Ivan Dziuba
Vasyl Stus

The next year marked the beginning of a series of mass arrests of Sixtier intellectuals. In protest of the arrests, Chornovil, as well as Dziuba and student Vasyl Stus, held a protest inside the Ukraine [uk] Kyiv film theatre during the 4 September premiere of Sergei Parajanov's Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors. Dziuba said that the film's greatness was overshadowed by the ongoing purge, and, as he was being escorted off-stage, Stus called on those "against the revival of Stalinism" in the audience to stand up. The protest was one of the first open protests by Ukrainians against their status in the Soviet Union.[20] On 31 September his Lviv flat was searched by the KGB, and 190 books were confiscated. Included in the confiscated literature was the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle, the Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People, and monographs and articles by authors Panteleimon Kulish, Volodymyr Antonovych, Volodymyr Hnatiuk, Dmytro Doroshenko, Ivan Krypiakevych, and Volodymyr Vynnychenko, as well as history books about the First World War and interwar period.[21]

Later that year, with the purges continuing, Chornovil was called upon to give evidence at the trials of the Mykhaylo Osadchy, Bohdan and Mykhailo Horyn, and Myroslava Zvarychevska [uk]. Chornovil refused, and as a result was fired from his editor position at Second Reading. He turned to samvydav, publishing Court of Law or a Return of the Terror? in May 1966. On 8 July he was charged under Article 179 of the criminal code of the Ukrainian SSR, and sentenced to three months of hard labour with 20% of salary withheld. In this period, he worked various jobs, including as a technician in expeditions of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine to the Carpathian Mountains, as an advertiser for KyivKnyhTorh, and as a teacher at the Lviv Regional Centre for Protection of Nature.[16]

In 1967 Chornovil published his second work of samvydav. Known as A Disaster from the Mind: Portraits of Twenty "Criminals", it included information on those arrested during the 1965–1966 crackdown. Chornovil sent the work to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, the Committee for State Security of Ukraine, the Writers' Union of Ukraine, and the Union of Artists of Ukraine. On 21 October 1967 it was read during a broadcast of Radio Liberty, and it was professionally printed by the end of the year.[16] Chornovil's samvydav was published in the West in 1969 under the title of The Chornovil Papers, drawing attention to the purge at a time when public consciousness was focused largely on the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial.[22] Chornovil's work established him as one of the leading figures among Ukrainian activists at the time, and, along with Dziuba's Internationalism or Russification?, demonstrated to those in the rest of Europe that Ukrainians were not fully accepting of Soviet rule.[23]

In addition to A Disaster from the Mind Chornovil also wrote letters to the head of the Ukrainian KGB and the Prosecutor General of Ukraine complaining that investigators had violated the laws during the arrests of Sixtiers. On 5 May 1967 he was summoned to the office of the deputy Prosecutor General of Lviv Oblast, E. Starykov, who informed him of the existence of article 187-1 of the criminal code of the Ukrainian SSR, which forbade defaming the Soviet system or government, including by writing letters complaining about actions committed by members of the government, under the threat of as much as three years' imprisonment. Although not a secret, the law had gone unpublished at the time, and it was only due to Starykov's informing him after the fact that Chornovil learned that his acts may have been illegal.[13]

First arrest[edit]

Chornovil was sent to the Yakut ASSR (map pictured) following his first arrest

Chornovil was arrested in August 1967 in response to A Disaster from the Mind and charged under article 187-1.[24] Another search of his flat resulted in the seizure of a copy of A Disaster from the Mind, as well as Valentyn Moroz's Report from the Beria Reserve samvydav, which served as the basis for the charges against him. Chornovil chose to forgo a lawyer, as the latter option at the time carried the risks of having one's arguments distorted and manipulated during interrogations. Chornovil argued his innocence, as well as that of those who had been arrested during the purge, saying,[13]

Representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia were arrested in August and September 1965 in Kyiv, Lviv, and other cities of Ukraine. They were charged with anti-Soviet propaganda, and the majority of them were convicted in 1965 in closed court processes. I personally knew several of those arrested and convicted; I never noticed anything anti-Soviet in their actions and words, but, on the contrary, I saw sincere concern for the state of Ukrainian culture, the Ukrainian language, for the restoration of normal socialist law and socialist democracy, which were trampled during the years of the tyranny of Stalin and Beria. None of this differs from the 20th Congress of the CPSU. Later, M. Osadchy, interrogated and searched as a witness in the case of a teacher and a former instructor of the Lviv Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, came to the conclusion that the KGB bodies, which conducted the investigation, allowed violations of procedural norms, fitting the investigation to preconceived qualifications.

He also stated that the process, and the lack of Soviet authorities' action on his complaints, had significantly reduced his faith in the Soviet system. He continued to insist, however, that he had no ill-will towards the Soviet government, alleging that he was being targetted by certain officials who wished to illegally prevent him from informing high-ranking officials about the state of the country.[13] Chornovil was convicted on 13 November 1967 and sentenced to three years' imprisonment.[24] During this period, he lived in the village of Chappanda in the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[25]

Atena Pashko, Chornovil's third and final wife

In 1969 Chornovil married fellow activist Atena Pashko, whom he had met at the home of Ivan Svitlychnyi. The two were formally wed in the town of Nyurba. As a result of Chornovil's exile, holding a traditional wedding ceremony was impossible. Pashko later recalled that, on the way back to Chappanda, Chornovil made an impromptu bouquet of St. John's wort, while Pashko herself made one from wild roses. The newlyweds chose to leave their wedding rings in a large tree rather than wear them, intending that they stay there forever.[25]

Life between arrests (1969–1972)[edit]

Chornovil was released as part of a general amnesty in 1969. Struggling to find employment, between October 1969 and 1970 he variously worked at a weather station in Zakarpattia Oblast, as an excavator during an archaeological expedition to Odesa Oblast, and as an employee at Sknyliv railway station [uk].[26] In September of 1969 he also met Valentyn Moroz, another dissident who had been imprisoned as part of the 1965–1966 purge. The two quickly formed a friendship, as they both sought to strengthen the dissident movement and further confront government abuses. Moroz travelled to meet Chornovil no less than four times between his release on 31 September 1969 and his re-arrest on 1 June 1970, and Chornovil in turn visited Moroz's home in Ivano-Frankivsk multiple times. During this time period, Chornovil, alongside Svitlychnyi and Sverstiuk, also led a donations campaign to prevent Moroz (unable to find employment due to his criminal record) from falling into poverty. The campaign collected 3,500 rubles.[27] He also organised donation campaigns for other formerly-imprisoned dissidents, such as Sviatoslav Karavanskyi [uk] and Nina Strokata.[28]

In January 1970 Chornovil launched a new samvydav newspaper, known as The Ukrainian Herald [uk]. The newspaper contained other samvydav publications, as well as information on human rights abuses by the Soviet government and police which Chornovil believed to be contrary to the constitution of the Soviet Union, Great Russian chauvinism and anti-Ukrainian sentiment, and other information regarding the dissident movement in Ukraine.[29] Chornovil was the chief editor of The Ukrainian Herald, and one of its three editors (alongside Mykhailo Kosiv [uk] and Yaroslav Kendzior [uk]). The Ukrainian Herald maintained a large professional staff, with correspondents throughout Ukraine (ranging as far east as Dnipropetrovsk and Donetsk),[30] and has been described by historian V. I. Matiash as the forerunner to independent press in Ukraine.[31]

Fearing arrest, in June 1971 wrote a declaration to the United Nations Human Rights Committee, which he intended to be released in the event he was to be taken into custody. In the letter, he outlined examples of violations of the law by Soviet legal bodies, and argued that Soviet political prisoners lacked the right to defend themselves and were subject to a campaign of eavesdropping, surveillance, blackmail, and threats. He rejected the possibility of cooperating with investigators, writing, "I would rather die behind bars than give in to the aforementioned principles."[32]

At this time, Chornovil also departed from principles of Marxism–Leninism, instead adopting a cautiously favourable view of socialism that was both utopian and libertarian, as exemplified by Mykhailo Drahomanov. In an October 1971 letter to Moroz Chornovil remarked that in his studies of anarchist revolutionaries Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin he had come to reject unconditional support for Drahomanov's policies, but believed that the earlier intellectual's libertarian views on self-government were worth supporting.[33]

1972 and 1981 arrests[edit]

He was imprisoned a second time in 1972 for being involved in Ukrainian independence movements and affiliated publications. This time, Chornovil was given six years of imprisonment and three more years of exile.[34] He served this term of imprisonment in Mordovia, in camps for political prisoners in the villages of Ozernoye and Barashevo, where he frequently took part in protests, demonstrations and hunger strikes.[35] Chornovil spent half of his term at Camp 17 in the punishment cell or in solitary confinement in the camp prison.

Chornovil renounced his Soviet citizenship and decided to move to Canada in 1975, but was not permitted to do so. In 1976, he joined the newly-formed Ukrainian Helsinki Group,[36] set up to monitor the Soviet Union's compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Accords. In 1978, Chornovil was exiled to the Soviet Far East, travelling the thousands of miles by train, and on foot to the village of Chappandu, in Yakutia. There, he worked as a labourer at a local state farm (sovkhoz), later as a supplier in Nyurba. In 1978, he was admitted to the International PEN society.

Chornovil was arrested yet again in April 1981, on charges of "attempted rape" and sentenced to five years imprisonment.[37] In protest he went on a 120-day-long hunger strike. He was released in 1983, but following an objection by the Prosecutor of the Yakut ASSR, he was not to allow return to Ukraine. Finally back in West Ukraine, Chornovil could only find work in May 1985 as a stoker, at both the Lviv Miskrembudtrest (City Maintenance Construction Trust) and a specialized school in the city.

Politician[edit]

In the late 1980s, he actively participated in the Ukrainian national movement becoming the first leader of the People's Movement of Ukraine (better known as Rukh). In 1988, there was a first attempt to create the "Democratic Front in support of Perestroika" in Lviv only to be dispersed by the Soviet OMON canine unit. Later he promoted several nationally oriented actions, one of them was the human chain that took place on 21 January 1990 and commemorated the act of unification of the Ukrainian lands in 1919 (see Act Zluky).

Chornovil ran for President of Ukraine in 1991, but was defeated, winning only in western Ukraine. He was one of the most important members of Rukh, People's Movement of Ukraine. He was elected to the Verkhovna Rada for the People's Movement of Ukraine in 1994 and 1998, and was the head of that party.

Vyacheslav Chornovil was founder of the independent socio-political newspaper Chas-Time (known also as Chas), and served as editor-in-chief from 1995 to 1999.[38]

In 1999, Rukh almost dissolved due to disagreements within. There are speculations that the failure to liquidate the party led to the road accident that took Chornovil's life. This is mentioned in Volodymyr Onyshchenko's documentary, He Who Awoke the Stone State.[39]

Opposition to Leonid Kuchma[edit]

Following the 1994 Ukrainian presidential election, Leonid Kuchma became President of Ukraine. Kuchma's subsequent crackdown on independent media caused Chornovil to become one of the foremost critics of his government.[40]

Chornovil was expected to be the main opposition candidate to incumbent president Leonid Kuchma in the 1999 presidential election, but his death brought an abrupt end to his campaign.[41]

Death and remembrance[edit]

Commemorative 2-hryvnia coin depicting Chornovil

On 25 March 1999, Chornovil and his assistant, Yevhen Pavlov, were driving near Boryspil when their vehicle was struck head-on by a truck, killing both instantly. Tens of thousands of Ukrainians attended his funeral.[40]

Ukrainian stamp honoring Chornovil's memory, 2008.

The official investigation carried by the Ministry of Internal Affairs concluded that the crash was purely accidental and discovered no evidence of foul play. However, some of Chornovil's supporters called his death a political murder and called on bringing those responsible for it to justice. The theory of murder is stated on the website dedicated to Vyacheslav Chornovil and created by his son Taras Chornovil, a deputy of Verkhovna Rada formerly from the Party of Regions.[42]

In 2003, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin with the nominal of 2 hryvnias dedicated to Chornovil.

On 23 August 2006, President Viktor Yushchenko unveiled a monument to Chornovil and ordered a new investigation into his death. On 6 September 2006, Yuri Lutsenko, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, announced that based on the information he saw, he personally believes that Chornovil was a victim of murder rather than a car accident.[43][44] Lutsenko stated further that the investigation is now carried by the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine and the Security Service of Ukraine, the law enforcement authorities not under Lutsenko's control. He went further, alluding that "certain circles" in the Prosecutor's Office and Security Service are stonewalling the investigation.[45] However, on 9 August, Oleksandr Medvedko, the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, commented at the news conference that Lutsenko's statement is "unprofessional" as his conclusions are based on unreliable information.[46]

On 25 March 2009, another funeral service was held near the memorial sign in Boryspil, and admirers, including then-Mayor of Kyiv Leonid Chernovetskyi, laid flowers on his monument in Kyiv to mark the 10-year anniversary of Chornovil's death.[47]

In 2009, a Ukrainian stamp devoted to Chornovil was issued.[48]

Family[edit]

  • Father – Maksym Yosypovych Chornovil (1909-1987), a teacher of Ukrainian language and literature
  • Mother – Kylyna Kharitonivna Tereshchenko (1909-1985), a teacher in elementary school
  • Sister – Valentyna Maksymivna Chronovil (1948–present)
  • First wife – Iryna Mykolayivna Brunets
    • Son – Andriy Chornovil (1962–present), a doctor and professor of the Lviv Medical University
  • Second wife – Olena Tymofiyivna Antoniv (1937-1986), a dissident (perished in an auto accident)
    • Son – Taras Chornovil (1964–present), a member of parliament of Ukraine (2000-2012)
  • Third wife – Atena Vasylivna Pashko (1931-2012), a Ukrainian poet
    • Stepdaughter – Iryna Vasylivna Volytska-Zubko, a theatrical director at the "Teatr v Korzyni" (Theater in a basket)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "People's Deputy of Ukraine of the I convocation". Official portal (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  2. ^ "People's Deputy of Ukraine of the II convocation". Official portal (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  3. ^ "People's Deputy of Ukraine of the III convocation". Official portal (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  4. ^ Marusenko, Peter (16 April 1999). "Vyacheslav Chornovil obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  5. ^ "Чорновіл В'ячеслав" [Viacheslav Chornovil]. LIGA.net (in Ukrainian). 6 November 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  6. ^ Stepaniuk, Mariia (18 August 2023). "Любив подорожі та тонко тролив радянську систему: яким був В'ячеслав Чорновіл" [He loved trolleys and subtly trolled the Soviet system: what was Viacheslav Chornovil like?]. Fakty.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  7. ^ "8 фактів про життя В'ячеслава Чорновола" [8 facts about the life of Viacheslav Chornovil]. Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). 24 December 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Chornovil, Viacheslav. "Вячеслав Чорновіл: Автобіографія". Rukh Press (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  9. ^ Ivanova, Kateryna (25 March 2024). "25 років з дня загибелі В'ячеслава Чорновола. Шлях політика та обставини загибелі" [25 years since the day of Viacheslav Chornovil's death: the politician's path and circumstances of his death]. Glavcom (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 14 May 2024.
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  14. ^ Ostrovskyi 2018, p. 106.
  15. ^ Seko 2020, p. 135.
  16. ^ a b c d e Shvydkyi, Vasyl (2013). Smolii, V. A. (ed.). "ЧОРНОВІЛ В'ячеслав Максимович" [CHORNOVIL, Viacheslav Maksymovych]. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  17. ^ a b Ostrovskyi, p. 107.
  18. ^ Seko 2020, p. 123-125.
  19. ^ Seko 2020, p. 128-129.
  20. ^ Asadcheva, Tetiana (25 March 2024). "Чверть століття без В'ячеслава Чорновола: яким був його життєвий шлях" [A quarter-century without Viacheslav Chornovil: what was his life path like?]. Vechirnii Kyiv (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  21. ^ Ostrovskyi, Valerii (2018). "Трактування історії України в епістолярній спадщині Вячеслава Чорновола" [Interpretations of the history of Ukraine in the epistolary heritage of Vyacheslav Chornovil]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорновілські читання. Візія майбутнього України: Матеріали III і IV наукових конференцій, присвячених 80-й річниці з дня народження Вячеслава Чорновола [Chornovil Readings: a Vision of Ukraine's Future: materials of the third and fourth scientific conferences celebrating the 80th birth anniversary of Viacheslav Chornovil] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv, Ternopil: Beskydy. p. 119.
  22. ^ Bociurkiw, Bohdan R. (June 1970). "The Chornovil Papers. by Vyacheslav Chornovil and Frederick C. Barghoorn: Dear Comrade: Pavel Litvinov and the Voices of Soviet Citizens in Dissent". Slavic Review. 29 (2): 343 – via JSTOR.
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  25. ^ a b Matiash 2017, p. 29.
  26. ^ Matiash 2017, p. 14.
  27. ^ Paska, Bohdan (2018). "Взаємини Вячеслава Чорноволо та Валентина Мороза: від співпраці до конфронтації" [Relations between Vyacheslav Chornovil and Valentin Moroz: from cooperation to confrontation]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорновілські читання. Візія майбутнього України: Матеріали III і IV наукових конференцій, присвячених 80-й річниці з дня народження Вячеслава Чорновола [Chornovil Readings: a Vision of Ukraine's Future: materials of the third and fourth scientific conferences celebrating the 80th birth anniversary of Viacheslav Chornovil] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv, Ternopil: Beskydy. p. 135.
  28. ^ Fedunyshyn 2018, p. 199.
  29. ^ Shanovska, Olena (15 March 2019). "Еволюція світоглядних позицій В. Чорновола: від комуністичної прихильності до категоричного неприйняття радянської ідеології" [Evolution of the position of V. Chornovil's worldview: from communist participation to categorical rejection of Soviet ideology]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали V Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 5th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 144–145.
  30. ^ Dubyk, M. H.; Zaitsev, Yurii (2019). "УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ВІСНИК" [THE UKRAINIAN HERALD]. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  31. ^ Matiash 2017, p. 8.
  32. ^ Fedunyshyn 2018, p. 200.
  33. ^ Seko, Yaroslav (27 March 2021). "Драгоманівський контекст ідеї федералізму Вячеслава Чорновола" [The Drahomanov context of Viacheslav Chornovil's ideas of federalism]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали VII Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 7th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 95–96.
  34. ^ "Arrests in the Ukraine, March 1972", A Chronicle of Current Events (24.3), 5 March 1972.
  35. ^ "In the Mordovian Camps, December 1974", A Chronicle of Current Events (33.4), 10 December 1974.
  36. ^ "The Helsinki Groups, December 1976", A Chronicle of Current Events (43.6), 31 December 1976.
  37. ^ Killing the Spirit of Helsinki, TIME Magazine, December 1, 1980
  38. ^ In Ukrainian: From Soviet to Ukrainian: historical changes in Ukrainian journalism // Media Sapiens, 2015. 08. 21 [1]
  39. ^ Свобода, Радіо (5 February 2008). «Той, що пробудив Кам’яну державу». У Дніпропетровську презентували фільм про В’ячеслава Чорновола ["The one who woke up the Stone State." A film about Vyacheslav Chornovil was presented in Dnipropetrovsk]. Радіо Свобода (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  40. ^ a b Marusenko, Peter (15 April 1999). "Vyacheslav Chornovil obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  41. ^ People's Rukh Of Ukraine Calls On Law Enforcement Agencies To Complete Investigation Into Death Of Its Former Leader Viacheslav Chornovil Until 2010, Ukrainian News Agency (March 25, 2009)
  42. ^ Chas.org.ua (in Ukrainian)
  43. ^ National Radio Company of Ukraine News Report Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ "Ukrainian Government Archives". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  45. ^ Буковина Інфо – Політика, Економіка, Культура, Спорт, Аналітика, Інтерв'ю, Персоналії (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  46. ^ The Day Weekly Digest Archived May 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ Events by themes: Anniversary of Viacheslav Chornovil death, UNIAN-photo services (25 March 2009)
  48. ^ Ukraine issues stamp devoted to politician, rights advocate Vyacheslav Chornovil Archived May 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Ukrinform (27 December 2008)

Bibliography[edit]

  • Ostrovskyi, Valerii (2018). "Вячеслав Чорновіл і Зіновій Красівський: переплетіння доль і звершень" [Viacheslav Chornovil and Zinovii Krasivskyi: intertwined fates and achievements]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорновілські читання. Візія майбутнього України: Матеріали III і IV наукових конференцій, присвячених 80-й річниці з дня народження Вячеслава Чорновола [Chornovil Readings: a Vision of Ukraine's Future: materials of the third and fourth scientific conferences celebrating the 80th birth anniversary of Viacheslav Chornovil] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv, Ternopil: Beskydy. pp. 105–117.
  • Seko, Yaroslav (14 March 2020). "Шевченкіанка Вячеслава Чорновола" [The Shevchenkianka of Viacheslav Chornovil]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали VI Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 6th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 123–136.
  • Matiash, V. I. (2017). „Я вірую в свій народ!”: До 80-річчя від дня народження В.М. Чорновола ["I Believe in my People!": to the 80th birth anniversary of Viacheslav Chornovil] (in Ukrainian). Poltava: Oles Honchar Poltava Regional Children's Library. p. 41.
  • Fedunyshyn, Liubomyra (2018). "Правозахисна діяльність В. Чорновола у 1960–1970-х рр." [Human rights activities of V. Chornovil in the 1960s and 1970s]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорновілські читання. Візія майбутнього України: Матеріали III і IV наукових конференцій, присвячених 80-й річниці з дня народження Вячеслава Чорновола [Chornovil Readings: a Vision of Ukraine's Future: materials of the third and fourth scientific conferences celebrating the 80th birth anniversary of Viacheslav Chornovil] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv, Ternopil: Beskydy. pp. 197–203.

External links[edit]

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