User:Xasodfuih/Sandbox2
There have also been findings of differences in the size and structure of certain brain areas in schizophrenia. A 2006 metaanlaysis of imaging studies found that whole brain and hippocampal volume are reduced and that ventricular volume is increased in patients with a first psychotic episode relative to healthy controls.[1]
However, this has not proven particularly reliable on the level of the individual person, with considerable variation between patients. More recent studies have shown various differences in brain structure between people with and without diagnoses of schizophrenia.[2] While brain structure changes have been found in people diagnosed with schizophrenia who have never been treated with antipsychotic drugs[3], unpublished research of Nancy Andreasen suggests that the neuroleptic drugs themselves are associated with additional loss of brain tissue.[4] Published research in this area only supports Adreasen's hypothesis only for typical antipsychotics,[5][6] whereas studies in non-human primates also found this effect for atypical antipsychotics.[7][8]
Refs[edit]
- ^ Steen RG, Mull C, McClure R, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA (June 2006). "Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies". Br J Psychiatry. 188: 510–8. doi:10.1192/bjp.188.6.510. PMID 16738340.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Flashman, L. A.; Green, M. F. (2004). "Review of cognition and brain structure in schizophrenia: profiles, longitudinal course, and effects of treatment". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 27 (1): 1–18, vii. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(03)00105-9. PMID 15062627.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Bongers M; et al. (September 2002). "Brain morphology in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia: a study of multiple brain structures". Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 43: s66–72. doi:10.1192/bjp.181.43.s66. PMID 12271803.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Claudia Dreifus (September 15, 2008). "Using Imaging to Look at Changes in the Brain—A Conversation With Nancy C. Andreasen". New York Times.
I haven't published this yet. But I have spoken about it in public lectures. The big finding is that people with schizophrenia are losing brain tissue at a more rapid rate than healthy people of comparable age. Some are losing as much as 1 percent per year. That's an awful lot over an 18-year period. And then we're trying to figure out why. Another thing we've discovered is that the more drugs you've been given, the more brain tissue you lose.
- ^ Lieberman JA, Tollefson GD, Charles C, Zipursky R, Sharma T, Kahn RS, Keefe RS, Green AI, Gur RE, McEvoy J, Perkins D, Hamer RM, Gu H, Tohen M (April 2005). "Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 62 (4): 361–70. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.361. PMID 15809403.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dazzan P, Morgan KD, Orr K, Hutchinson G, Chitnis X, Suckling J, Fearon P, McGuire PK, Mallett RM, Jones PB, Leff J, Murray RM (April 2005). "Different effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on grey matter in first episode psychosis: the AESOP study". Neuropsychopharmacology. 30 (4): 765–74. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300603. PMID 15702141.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Konopaske GT, Dorph-Petersen KA, Pierri JN, Wu Q, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (June 2007). "Effect of chronic exposure to antipsychotic medication on cell numbers in the parietal cortex of macaque monkeys". Neuropsychopharmacology. 32 (6): 1216–23. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301233. PMID 17063154.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Konopaske GT, Dorph-Petersen KA, Sweet RA, Pierri JN, Zhang W, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (April 2008). "Effect of chronic antipsychotic exposure on astrocyte and oligodendrocyte numbers in macaque monkeys". Biol. Psychiatry. 63 (8): 759–65. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.018. PMC 2386415. PMID 17945195.
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