User:Vjeppi1/sandbox
Notes from the Kjeldsen paper[1]
According to last common ancestor analysis, cable bacteria likely descended from Deltaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Chromatiales, and Thiotrichales.[1]
Motility[edit]
Cable bacteria lack flagella, but are capable of motility in the form of gliding by propelling themselves forward through the excretion of substances.[1] Their genome contains less operons related to chemotaxis than other Desulfobulbaceae, so their motility may be limited.[1]
Notes from Scholz 2020 [2]
Methane emissions[edit]
The presence of cable bacteria can lead to a decrease in methane emissions from saturated soils. The transfer of electrons through cable bacteria allows the sulfate reduction that occurs in inundated soils to be balanced by sulfate oxidation. Oxidation is possible because of the release of electrons through the cable bacteria filaments. Through this balance, sulfate remains readily available for sulfate reducing bacteria, which out compete methanogens. This causes a decrease in production of methane by methanogens.[2]
from Trojan [3]
Cable bacteria can be found along a gradient of salinities; they are present in freshwater, saltwater lakes, and marine habitats.[3]
From schloz 2019 [4]
Cable bacteria are generally found in reduced sediments.[4]
They can be present as a single filament or as an agglomeration of filaments.[4] Cable bacteria have been identified as being intertwined with the root hairs of aquatic plants and are present in the rhizosphere.[4]
Notes from Bjerg [5]
Cable bacteria have been observed to move as fast as 2.2 µm/s, with an average speed of 0.5 µm/s.[5] Speed of motility in cable bacteria is not related to size of the bacteria.[5] The average distance a cable bacteria glides is approximately 74 µm without interruption.[5] Cable bacteria filaments tend to bend in half, and their movement is led by the apex of the bend as opposed to leading with one tip of the filament.[5] Twisting to move through rotational gliding is rare, but does occur.[5] Cable bacteria likely engage in oxygen chemotaxis, as they are observed to move when in anoxic or hypoxic environments, and cease gliding when contact with oxygen is made.[5] Although motility is important for other microorganisms, once cable bacteria located in a place that connects oxygen to sulfide, they no longer need to move.[5]
Another source doi:10.1128/AEM.01064-15 [6]
From Nielsen[7]
Cable bacteria allow for long distance electron transport, which connects electron donors to electron acceptors, connecting previously separated oxidation and reduction reactions.[7]
From Meysman[8]
Filaments are long strings composed of cells stacked together, and can be as long as 30-70mm. Some filaments are composed of upwards of 10,000 cells.[8]
Freshwater and marine cable bacteria have been found to be 88% similar based on 16S ribosomal RNA comparisons.[8]
From Jiang[9]Cells in a filament are connected by obvious junctions.[9]
Junctions are able to withstand more force without breaking than the cells themselves.[9] Cells on opposite sides of each junction are separated; if one cell bursts, the cell on the other side of the junction will remain intact.[9]
Cable bacteria contain structures known as strings.[9] Strings are located inside of ridges on the outer membrane and connect one cell to the next.[9] Strings span the length of the entire filament uninterrupted.[9] The width of the strings is about 20-40 nm.[9] The size and function of a string is similar to that of a microtubule.[9] Strings are thought to serve as a structural foundation for filaments and play a key role in maintaining filament shape, especially during growth.[9]
added in this source too [10]
- ^ a b c d Kjeldsen, Kasper U.; Schreiber, Lars; Thorup, Casper A.; Boesen, Thomas; Bjerg, Jesper T.; Yang, Tingting; Dueholm, Morten S.; Larsen, Steffen; Risgaard-Petersen, Nils; Nierychlo, Marta; Schmid, Markus (2019-08-19). "On the evolution and physiology of cable bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (38): 19116–19125. doi:10.1073/pnas.1903514116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6754541. PMID 31427514.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Scholz, Vincent V.; Meckenstock, Rainer U.; Nielsen, Lars Peter; Risgaard-Petersen, Nils (2020-04-20). "Cable bacteria reduce methane emissions from rice-vegetated soils". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15812-w. ISSN 2041-1723.
- ^ a b Trojan, Daniela; Schreiber, Lars; Bjerg, Jesper T.; Bøggild, Andreas; Yang, Tingting; Kjeldsen, Kasper U.; Schramm, Andreas (2016-07-01). "A taxonomic framework for cable bacteria and proposal of the candidate genera Electrothrix and Electronema". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 39 (5): 297–306. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2016.05.006. ISSN 0723-2020. PMC 4958695. PMID 27324572.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c d Scholz, Vincent V; Müller, Hubert; Koren, Klaus; Nielsen, Lars Peter; Meckenstock, Rainer U (2019-05-04). "The rhizosphere of aquatic plants is a habitat for cable bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 95 (6). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiz062. ISSN 1574-6941.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bjerg, Jesper Tataru; Damgaard, Lars Riis; Holm, Simon Agner; Schramm, Andreas; Nielsen, Lars Peter (2016-07-01). Drake, H. L. (ed.). "Motility of Electric Cable Bacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (13): 3816–3821. doi:10.1128/AEM.01038-16. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4907201. PMID 27084019.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Risgaard-Petersen, Nils; Kristiansen, Michael; Frederiksen, Rasmus B.; Dittmer, Anders Lindequist; Bjerg, Jesper Tataru; Trojan, Daniela; Schreiber, Lars; Damgaard, Lars Riis; Schramm, Andreas; Nielsen, Lars Peter (2015-09-01). Kostka, J. E. (ed.). "Cable Bacteria in Freshwater Sediments". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 81 (17): 6003–6011. doi:10.1128/AEM.01064-15. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4551263. PMID 26116678.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Nielsen, Lars Peter; Risgaard-Petersen, Nils (2015-01-03). "Rethinking Sediment Biogeochemistry After the Discovery of Electric Currents". Annual Review of Marine Science. 7 (1): 425–442. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015708. ISSN 1941-1405.
- ^ a b c Meysman, Filip J.R. (2018). "Cable Bacteria Take a New Breath Using Long-Distance Electricity". Trends in Microbiology. 26 (5): 411–422. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.011. ISSN 0966-842X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jiang, Zaixing; Zhang, Shuai; Klausen, Lasse Hyldgaard; Song, Jie; Li, Qiang; Wang, Zegao; Stokke, Bjørn Torger; Huang, Yudong; Besenbacher, Flemming; Nielsen, Lars Peter; Dong, Mingdong (2018-08-21). "In vitro single-cell dissection revealing the interior structure of cable bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (34): 8517–8522. doi:10.1073/pnas.1807562115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6112711. PMID 30082405.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Cornelissen, Rob; Bøggild, Andreas; Thiruvallur Eachambadi, Raghavendran; Koning, Roman I.; Kremer, Anna; Hidalgo-Martinez, Silvia; Zetsche, Eva-Maria; Damgaard, Lars R.; Bonné, Robin; Drijkoningen, Jeroen; Geelhoed, Jeanine S. (2018). "The Cell Envelope Structure of Cable Bacteria". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03044. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6307468. PMID 30619135.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
 | This is a user sandbox of Vjeppi1. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |