User:Stevey7788/TB

This is a table of Swadesh lists for East Asian proto-languages, including:

• Proto-Yeniseian
• Proto-Tibeto-Burman
• Old Chinese
• Proto-Hmong-Mien
• Proto-Mon-Khmer
• Proto-Austronesian
• Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
• Proto-Tai

Note: Additional vocabulary words have been added after word no. 207 ("name"), since the original lengths of Swadesh lists are either 100 or 207 words.

List

№	English	Proto- Yeniseian	Proto- Tibeto-Burman	Old Chinese	Proto- Hmong-Mien	Proto- Mon-Khmer	Proto- Austronesian	Proto- Malayo-Polynesian	Proto- Tai
1	I		*ŋa						*ku A1 ~ *kaw A1
2	thou (singular)		*na, naŋ						*mɯŋ A4 ~ *maɯ A4
3	he		*zaŋ						*man A4
4	we								*raw A4
5	you (plural)								*su A1
6	they								*khlau A1 (Li)
7	this								*nii C2 (Li)
8	that								*nan C2 (Li)
9	here
10	there
11	who
12	what
13	where
14	when
15	how
16	not
17	all		*ka, *kul, *kun			*klɔʔ			*daŋ A4/C4
18	many
19	some
20	few
21	other								*ʔɯn B3
22	one		*ʔit			*muəy, *ɗiis			*hnɯŋ XXX, *ʔet DS3
23	two					*ɓaar			*sɔŋ A1, *ñi B4
24	three					*piʔ, *ʔu[ə]y			*saam A1
25	four					*puən[]			*si B1
26	five					*suən, *p[ɗ]am			*ha C1
27	big		*maŋ						*hñaɯ B1
28	long								*jaaw A4, *ri A4
29	wide								*kwaaŋ C2
30	thick								*hna A1
31	heavy								*hnak DS1
32	small								*lekD2S (Li), *nɔɔi C2 (Li)
33	short								*san C1
34	narrow								*gap DS4
35	thin		*ba						*ʔbaaŋ A3
36	woman								*ñiŋ A4; *baa A2 (Li)
37	man (adult male)								*ǰaay A4
38	man (human being)					*ɲah, *ʔiiʔ			*gon A4
39	child (a youth)								*ʔdek DS3; *luuk DL4 (one's own)
40	wife								*mia A4
41	husband								*Pua A1
42	mother								*mɛ B4
43	father								*bɔ B4
44	animal		*dzay						*tua A2 (classifier)
45	fish								*pla A2
46	bird		*ʔa:r			*cim			*nokD2S (Li)
47	dog					*cgəy			*hma A1
48	louse					*ciiʔ, *[d]mrəɲʔ (body)			*hraw A1
49	snake		*s-b-ru:l			*ɓəs, *[b]saɲʔ			*ŋu A4
50	worm								*hnɔn A1
51	tree					*jhooʔ			*may B4
52	forest					*ruk, *ruuk			*ʔdoŋ A3
53	stick (of wood)								*thu B1
54	fruit								*hmaak DL1
55	seed								*mlet DS4
56	leaf								*ʔbaɯ A3
57	root								*raak DL4
58	bark (of tree)		*kok ~ *kwa(:)k						*plɯak DL2
59	flower		*ba:r						*ʔblɔk DL3
60	grass								*hña C1
61	rope								*ǰɯak DL4
62	skin (of a person)		*ʔul						*hnaŋ A1
63	meat (as in flesh)								*nɯə C2
64	blood								*lɯat DL4
65	bone								*ʔduuk DL3
66	fat (noun)								*man A4, *bi A4
67	egg								*khray B1
68	horn								*Xaw A1
69	tail								*hraaŋ A1
70	feather (rather not down)								*Xon A1
71	hair					*su[u]k, sək			*Prom A1
72	head		*d-bu-s			*ku[u]y, *[b]uuk			*hrua A1
73	ear					*ktuur, *tr(-)tiək			*hru A1
74	eye					*mat			*ta A2
75	nose					*mu[u]h, *smuər			*ʔdaŋ C3
76	mouth					*miɲ[], *paaŋ (opening)			*paak DL2
77	tooth (rather not molar)		*m-dzyway			*sra[a]ŋ, *ciik			*van A2 (Li)
78	tongue					*ntaak, *l(n)taak			*lin C4
79	fingernail					*tm[uə]ŋʔ, *knʔiəs			*lep DS4
80	foot					*cə[ə]n			*tin A2
81	leg		*bop			*puəs			*ɣɛŋ B4; *Xa A1 (thigh)
82	knee					*ta[a]ŋ, *kʔɔŋ			*Xaw B1
83	hand		*ʔul			*tiiʔ, *sii[ʔ]			*mɯ A4
84	wing		*duŋ			*slaap, *pr[a]c, *sniəŋ			*pik DL2
85	belly		*grwat, *pu:k						*buŋ A4 (?)
86	guts					*ruuc			*say C1
87	neck					*kɔʔ, *kɔ(ɔ)k			*ɣɔ A4
88	back	*χɔb-	*hyak, *ka, *nuk			*duur			*hlaŋ A1
89	breast					*tɔh			*nom A2 (Li)
90	heart					*puus, *puəs			*caɯ A2
91	liver					*ri[i]s, *tluəm			*tap DS2
92	to drink
93	to eat		*ʔam						*kin A2
94	to bite								*kat DS2
95	to suck		*dzyow ~ *dz(y)ɔw			*miəm[]			*ʔduut DL3
96	to spit								*ɣaay A4
97	to vomit		*ʔaw						*raak DL4
98	to blow (as wind)								*paw B2; *bat DS4 (wind)
99	to breathe
100	to laugh								*Xrua A1
101	to see								*han A1
102	to hear								*ñin A4
103	to know (a fact)								*ru C4
104	to think								*git DS4
105	to smell (sense odor)		*bar (noun)						*ʔdom A3
106	to fear								*klua A2
107	to sleep								*nɔɔn A2 (Li)
108	to live
109	to die								*taay A2
110	to kill								*Xa C1
111	to fight
112	to hunt (transitive)
113	to hit
114	to cut								*tat DS2
115	to split								*cak DS2, *Pa B1, *Prɛk DL1
116	to stab (or stick)								*dɛŋ A4
117	to scratch (an itch)								*kaw A2
118	to dig								*Xut (no tone)
119	to swim								*hwaay C1
120	to fly		*byam						*ʔbin A3
121	to walk								*Praay A1/ C1
122	to come		*byon						*ma A4
123	to lie (as on one's side)
124	to sit								*naŋ B2 (Li)
125	to stand
126	to turn (change direction)
127	to fall (as in drop)								*tɔk DS2
128	to give		*bɔy(-k)						*haɯ C1
129	to hold (in one's hand)
130	to squeeze								*gan C4, *hriip DL1
131	to rub
132	to wash
133	to wipe
134	to pull					*dɔŋ
135	to push
136	to throw								*Xwaaŋ C1
137	to tie		*s-dut						*Puk DL1
138	to sew								*hñep DS1
139	to count								*ʔaan B3
140	to say		*dam (speak)						*wa B4
141	to sing
142	to play
143	to float								*lɔy A4
144	to flow								*hlay A1
145	to freeze
146	to swell								*bɔŋ A4
147	sun					*tŋiiʔ, *[]nar
148	moon					*khəyʔ			*ʔblɯan A3
149	star					*smʔaɲ			*ʔdaaw A3
150	water					*ɗaak, *ʔ[o]m			*naam C2 (Li)
151	rain								*fon A1
152	river								*ɣwɛ A4
153	lake
154	sea (as in ocean)
155	salt					*ɓɔɔh, *[m]ɓil			*klɯa A2
156	stone					*tmɔʔ, *luk			*hrin A1
157	sand					*ksaac, *bntiil			*zaay A4
158	dust					*[]buuk, *buəy[]			*fun B1
159	earth (as in soil)					*tih			*ʔdin A3
160	cloud								*fa C1
161	fog								*hmɔk DL1
162	sky					*[p]liəɲ			*va C4
163	wind (as in breeze)		*buŋ						*lom A4
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke								*ɣwan A4
167	fire		*bwar ~ *pwar			*slaas, *ʔuɲ			*vay A4
168	ashes		*tal						*daw B4
169	to burn (intransitive)		*ʔu:r						*hmay C1
170	road					*truəŋ, *rɗiəŋ			*daaŋ A4
171	mountain					*[j]m[ɔ]l, *bnəm			*ʔdɔy A3
172	red								*ʔdɛŋ A3
173	green								*Xiaw A1 ~ *khriaw A1
174	yellow								*hlɯaŋ A1
175	white		*bok			*kɓɔɔk			*Xaaw A1
176	black								*ʔdam A3
177	night								*ɣɯn A4
178	day (daytime)								*wan A4
179	year								*pi A1
180	warm (as in weather)								*ʔun B3
181	cold (as in weather)								*hnaaw A1
182	full								*tem A2
183	new								*hmaɯ B1
184	old								*kɛ B2, *thaw C1
185	good		*m-d(y)ak						*ʔdi A3
186	bad								*raay C4
187	rotten (as, a log)								*nau B2 (Li)
188	dirty					*kməʔ
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp (as a knife)								*gom A3 ~ *ɣom A3
192	dull (as a knife)
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry (adjective)					*raɲ, *rɔs, *rɔʔ, *səh			*hɛŋ C1
196	right (correct)		*ʔal						*mɛn C4 ~ *man C4
197	near								*klaɯ C2
198	far		*dzya:l						*klay A2
199	right (side)								*Xwa A1
200	left (side)								*zaay C4
201	at
202	in
203	with (accompanying)
204	and
205	if
206	because
207	name								*ǰɯ B4
208	house								*rɯan A4
209	roof								*muŋ A4
210	mosquito								*ñuŋ A4
211	spider								*khl A1 (Li)
212	rat								*hnu A1
213	branch		*ʔgak (PLB)						*kiŋ B2
214	shoulder								*ʔba B3
215	shy								*ʔaay A3
216	sick (painful)								*khray C1 (feverish)
217	needle		*ʔap ~ *ga:p						*Xem A1 ~ *Xim A1
218	clothing								*Pa C1
219	thunder								*phliə A1 ~ *riə A1 (Li)
220	lightning								*mlɛp DL4
221	above								*hnɯa A1
222	below		*ʔok						*taɯ A2
223	to work								*het DS1
224	to plant								*pluuk DL2
225	to pound					*pis, *pəs			*tam A2; *pon B2 (to grind)
226	to shoot								*ʔnɯ ~ *ñɯ A4
227	to hide								*zɔŋ B4
228	to climb								*pin A4
229	to chew								*hñam C1
230	to buy								*zɯ C4
231	to choose								*lɯak DL4
232	to grow								*ŋɔk DL4
233	to open								*Xay A1
234	to steal								*lak DS4
235	to dream								*fan A1
236	to cry								*hay C1
237	to yawn								*Xraaw A1
238	to cook								*hruŋ A4
239	one hundred								*paak DL2
240	one thousand								*riŋ A4
241	six								*hrok DS1
242	seven								*cet DS2
243	eight								*pɛt DL2
244	nine								*kaw C2
245	ten								*sip DS1
246	twenty								*zaaw A4 (N. Siamese)
247	fifty

Sources

• Blust, R. (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K., Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei, Taiwan: Academica Sinica.
• Blust, Robert A. The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 2009. ISBN 0858836025, 978-0858836020.
• Matisoff, James A. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0520098439.
• Ratliff, Martha. Hmong-Mien Language History. Canberra: Australian National University: Pacific Linguistics Publishers, 2010. ISBN 9789858836143.
• Ruhlen, Merritt and Sergei Starostin (1994). “Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons”. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70-92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]
• Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). A Mon-Khmer comparative dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-570-3

External links

{{Swadesh lists}} {{family lists}}

Misc

• ɣwaayA4 water buffalo
• khawC1 rice
• rɯanA4 house