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Jiroft civilization (c. 3500 – c. 2000 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Jiroft civilization

Aratta (c. 3500 – c. 2725 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Aratta
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Early Dynastic (ED) I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE)
Kingdom of Aratta (reigned c. 3500 – c. 2775 BCE)
Ensuhkeshdanna r. c. 2800 – c. 2775 BCE
(25 years) 		Unclear succession.
First dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2775 – c. 2725 BCE)
Enmerkar r. c. 2775 – c. 2725 BCE
(50 years) 		The son of Meshkiangasher.

Dilmun civilization (c. 3500 – c. 650 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Dilmun civilization

Dilmun (c. 3500 – c. 650 BCE)[edit]

# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
ED I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE)
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE)
1st Ziusudra r. c. 2810 – c. 2700 BCE
(110 years) 		Unclear succession.
Old Babylonian period (c. 1894 – c. 1595 BCE)
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE)
2nd Rimun r. c. 1890 – c. 1770 BCE
(120 years) 		Unclear succession.
3rd Yagli-El r. c. 1770 – c. 1650 BCE
(120 years) 		The son of Rimun.
4th Sumu-lěl r. c. 1650 – c. 1530 BCE
(120 years) 		Unclear succession.
Middle Babylonian period (c. 1595 – c. 1155 BCE)
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE)
5th Usiananuri r. c. 1530 – c. 1430 BCE
(100 years) 		The grandfather of Uballissu-Marduk.
6th Ilī-ippašra r. c. 1430 – c. 1330 BCE
(100 years) 		Unclear succession.
Neo-Babylonian period (c. 1155 – c. 539 BCE)
Kingdom of Dilmun (r. c. 3500 – c. 685 BCE)
7th Operi r. c. 710 – c. 706 BCE
(4 years) 		Unclear succession.
8th Hundaru I r. c. 706 – c. 680 BCE
(26 years)
9th Qena r. c. 680 – c. 670 BCE
(10 years)
10th Hundaru II r. c. 670 – c. 650 BCE
(20 years)

Helmand civilization (c. 3500 – c. 2350 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Helmand civilization

Marhasi (c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Marhasi
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
1st Migirenlil r. c. 2550 – c. 2430 BCE
(120 years) 		Unclear succession.
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
2nd Unknown r. c. 2430 – c. 2325 BCE
(105 years) 		Unclear succession.
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
3rd Abalgamash r. c. 2325 – c. 2270 BCE
(55 years) 		Unclear succession.
4th Hubshumkibi r. c. 2270 – c. 2154 BCE
(116 years)
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
5th Unknown r. c. 2154 – c. 2070 BCE
(84 years) 		Unclear succession.
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE)
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 3500 – c. 562 BCE)
6th Hashibatal r. c. 2070 – c. 2050 BCE
(20 years) 		Unclear succession.
7th Arvilukpi r. c. 2050 – c. 2045 BCE
(5 years)
8th Pariashum r. c. 2045 – c. 2044 BCE
(1 year)
9th Libanugshabash r. c. 2044 – c. 2033 BCE
(11 years)
10th Mashhundahli r. c. 2033 – c. 2020 BCE
(13 years)

Harrapan civilization (c. 3500 – c. 1300 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Harrapan civilization

Meluhha (c. 3500 – c. 1760 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Meluhha
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Meluhha (r. c. 2300 – c. 1760 BCE)
1st (..)ibra r. c. 2300 – c. 2200 BCE
(100 years) 		Unclear succession.

Magan civilization (c. 3500 – c. 550 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Magan (civilization)

Magan (c. 3500 – c. 550 BCE)[edit]

# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Magan (r. c. 3500 – c. 550 BCE)
Manium r. c. 2316 – c. 2218 BCE
(98 years) 		Unclear succession.

Proto-Elamite civilization (c. 3500 – c. 2400 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Proto-Elamite civilization

Susa III period (c. 3500 – c. 2700 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Susa III

Susiana (c. 4400 BCE – c. 1218 CE)[edit]

Main article: Susiana
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references

  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of king[a]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of high king[b]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of great king[c]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of emperor[d]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of king-emperor[e]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of governor[f]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of military governor[g]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of God-Emperor[h]
  Denotes a ruler with the Sumerian title for grand vizier (sukkalmah)
  Denotes a ruler with the Sumerian title for vizier (sukkal)
  Denotes a ruler with both of the Sumerian titles for grand vizier and vizier

Early Dynastic (ED) I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BCE)
First dynasty of Kish (reigned c. 2750 – c. 2700 BCE)
Enmebaragesi r. c. 2750 – c. 2700 BCE
(50 years) 		Unclear succession [i]
ED II period (c. 2700 – c. 2600 BCE)
Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2700 – c. 2680 BCE)
Unknown r. c. 2700 – c. 2680 BCE
(20 years) 		Unclear succession
d. c. 2680 BCE 		[j]
First dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2680 BCE)
Gilgamesh r. c. 2680 BCE
(1 year) 		He may have been the son of Lugalbanda.
Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2680 – c. 2580 BCE)
Unknown r. c. 2680 – c. 2580 BCE
(100 years) 		Unclear succession
ED IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BCE)
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2580 – c. 2500 BCE)

"4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."

— SKL
1st Unknown r. c. 2580 – c. 2550 BCE
(30 years) 		Unclear succession [k]
2nd [...]-Lu r. c. 2550 – c. 2536 BCE
(14 years) 		[l]
3rd Kul[...] r. c. 2536 – c. 2500 BCE
(36 years) 		[m]

"3 kings; they ruled for 356 years. Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."

— SKL
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE)
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE)
1st Peli r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE
(50 years) 		Unclear succession [n]
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE)
Eannatum r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE
(39 years) 		Son of Akurgal
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2411 – c. 2362 BCE)
1st Peli r. c. 2411 – c. 2400 BCE
(11 years) 		Unclear succession [o]
2nd Tata I r. c. 2400 BCE
(1 year) 		[p]
3rd Ukku-Takhesh r. c. 2400 – c. 2364 BCE
(36 years) 		[q]
First Eblaite kingdom (r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 BCE)
Igrish-Halam r. c. 2364 – c. 2362
(2 years) 		Unclear succession
Irkab-Damu Son of Igrish-Halam
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2362 BCE)
Enentarzi r. c. 2362
(1 year) 		Unclear succession
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2362 – c. 2350 BCE)
4th Hishur r. c. 2362 – c. 2359 BCE
(3 years) 		Unclear succession
5th Shushun-Tarana r. c. 2359 – c. 2356 BCE
(3 years)
6th Napil-Khush r. c. 2356 – c. 2353 BCE
(3 years)
7th Kikkutanteimti r. c. 2353 – c. 2350 BCE
(3 years)
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Dynasty of Adab (r. c. 2350 BCE)
Lugal-Anne-Mundu r. c. 2350 BCE
(1 year) 		Unclear succession
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2350 BCE)
Enshakushanna r. c. 2350 BCE
(1 year) 		He may have been the son of Elulu.
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE)
9th Luh-ishan r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE
(25 years) 		He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep.
d. c. 2325 BCE 		[r]
8th Hishep-Ratep r. c. 2325 BCE
(1 year) 		He may have been the father or son of Luh-ishan.
Sanam-Shimut r. c. 2331 – c. 2325 BCE
(6 years) 		Unclear succession.
Zinuba r. c. 2325 – c. 2315 BCE
(10 years)
Eshpum r. c. 2315 – c. 2255 BCE
(60 years)
Lamgium r. c. 2255 BCE
(1 year)
Uba
Enammuna
Shimpishuk
Ur-Ili-Adad
Epirmupi r. c. 2255 – c. 2200 BCE
(55 years)
Ilishmani r. c. 2200 BCE
(1 year)
Awan dynasty (r. c. 2168 – c. 2112 BCE)
Khita r. c. 2200 – c. 2168 BCE
(117 years) 		Unclear succession
Puzur-Inshushinak r. c. 2168 – c. 2112 BCE
(56 years)
Third dynasty of Ur (r. c. 2112 – c. 2004 BCE)
Ur-Nammu r. c. 2112 – c. 2095 BCE
(18 years) 		Unclear succession.
Shulgi r. c. 2095 – c. 2047 BCE
(48 years) 		The son of Ur-Nammu.
Dynasty of Shimashki (r. c. 2027 – c. 1973 BC)
6th Kindattu r. c. 2004 – c. 2001 BCE
(3 years) 		The son of Tan-Ruhurater I. [s]
7th Idaddu I r. c. 2001 – c. 1993 BCE
(8 years) 		He may have been the son of Kindattu or Pepi. [1]
8th Tan-Ruhurater II r. c. 1993 – c. 1973 BCE
(20 years) 		The son of Indattu-Inshushinnak II. [1]
9th Eparti II r. c. 1973 – c. 1953 BCE
(20 years) 		Unclear succession. [2]
Epartid dynasty (r. c. 1973 – c. 1894 BC)
1st Shilhaha r. c. 1953 – c. 1940 BCE
(13 years) 		The son of Eparti II. [2]
2nd Kuk-Nashur I r. c. 1940 – c. 1928 BCE
(12 years) 		The son of Shilhaha. [2]
3rd Atta-hushu Uncertain These two may have been sons of Kuk-Nashur I [2]
4th Tetep-Mada Uncertain [2]
Sukkalmah dynasty (r. c. 1894 – c. 1500 BC)
3rd Palar-Ishshan Uncertain Unclear succession [2]
4th Kuk-Sanit Uncertain He may have been the son of Palar-Ishshan [2]
5th Kuk-Kirwash Uncertain Son of Lan-Kuku
Nephew of Palar-Ishshan 		[2]
6th Tem-Sanit Uncertain Sons of Kuk-Kirwash [2]
7th Kuk-Nahhunte Uncertain [2]
11th Shirukduh c. 1790 BC Uncertain Unclear succession [2]
12th Shimut-Wartash I Uncertain Sons of Shirukduh [2]
13th Siwe-Palar-Khuppak c. 1778 BC c. 1745 BC [2]
14th Kuduzulush I Uncertain Unclear succession [1]
15th Kutir-Nahhunte I Uncertain These four may have been sons of Kuduzulush I [1]
? Atta-Merra-Halki Uncertain [2]
? Tata II Uncertain [2]
? Lila-Irtash Uncertain [2]
? Temti-Agun Uncertain Son of Kutir-Nahhunte I [1]
? Kutir-Shilhaha Uncertain Son of Temti-Agun [1]
? Kuk-Nashur II Uncertain He may have been the son of Kuk-Nahhunte [1]
? Temti-Raptash Uncertain Son of Kutir-Shilhaha [2]
? Shirtuh Uncertain Sons of Kuk-Nashur III [2]
? Shimut-Wartash II Uncertain [2]
? Kuduzulush II Uncertain Son of Shimut-Wartash II [1]
? Tan-Uli Uncertain Unclear succession [1]
? Temti-Halki Uncertain Sons of Tan-Uli [2]
? Kuk-Nashur III c. 1646 BC Uncertain [1]
? Kuk-Nashur IV Uncertain [1]
30th Kutik-Matlat c. 1500 BC [3]
Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC)
Kidinuid dynasty (r. c. 1500 – c. 1400 BC)
1st Kidinu c. 1500 BC Uncertain Unclear succession [2]
? Inshushinak-Sunkir-Nappipir Uncertain [2]
? Tan-Ruhurater II [2]
? Shalla [2]
5th Tepti-Ahar c. 1370 BC Uncertain [2]
Igehalkid dynasty (r. c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC)
? Ata-Halki Uncertain Unclear succession [4]
1st Igi-Halki c. 1400 BC c. 1380 BC Sons of Ata-Halki [1]
2nd Pahir-Ishshan I c. 1380 BC Uncertain [1]
3rd Attar-Kittah Uncertain c. 1350 BC [1]
4th Humban-Numena I c. 1350 BC c. 1340 BC Son of Attar-Kittah [1]
5th Untash-Napirisha c. 1340 BC c. 1300 BC Son of Humban-Numena I [1]
6th Unpahash-Napirisha Uncertain Unclear succession [1]
7th Kidin-Hutran I Uncertain Son of Pahir-Ishshan I [1]
8th Kidin-Hutran II Uncertain Son of Untash-Naprisha [1]
9th Napirisha-Untash Uncertain Son of Kidin-Hutran II [1]
? Kidin-Hutran III c. 1220 BC c. 1200 BC Unclear succession [2]
? Attar-Kittah II Uncertain
? Pahir-Ishshan II Uncertain
? Unpatar-Napirisha Uncertain Son of Pahir-Ishshan II
Shutrukid dynasty (r. c. 1200 – c. 970 BC)
? Hallutush-Inshushinak Uncertain Unclear succession [1]
1st Shutruk-Nahhunte c. 1184 BC c. 1155 BC Son of Hallutush-Inshushinak [1]
2nd Kutir-Nahhunte c. 1155 BC c. 1150 BC Sons of Shutruk-Nahhunte [1]
3rd Shilhak-Inshushinak c. 1150 BC c. 1120 BC [1]
4th Hutelutush-Inshushinak c. 1120 BC c. 1110 BC [1]
5th Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar c. 1110 BC c. 1100 BC Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak [1]
Neo-Elamite I period (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)
? Akshir-Shimut Uncertain Unclear succession
? Akshir-Nahhunte
? Kara-Indash
? Unknown c. 821 BC
Neo-Elamite II period (c. 770 – c. 646 BC)
Humban-Tahrid dynasty (r. c. 830 – c. 519 BC)
1st Humban-Tahrah I Uncertain Unclear succession [2]
2nd Humban-Numena II Uncertain 743 BC Unclear succession
Died 743 BC
3rd Humban-Nikash I 743 BC 717 BC Son of Humban-Tahrah I
Died 717 BC 		[1]
4th Shutruk-Nahhunte II 717 BC 699 BC Son of Humban-Nikash I
Died 699 BC 		[1]
5th Hallushu-Inshushinak 699 BC October
693 BC 		Brother of Shutruk-Nahhunte II
Died October
693 BC 		[1]
6th Kutir-Nahhunte II October
693 BC 		July
692 BC 		Son of Hallushu-Inshushinak
Died July
692 BC 		[1]
7th Humban-Numena III July
692 BC 		February
689 BC 		Son of Hallushu-Inshushinak
Died February
689 BC 		[1]
8th Humban-Haltash I February
689 BC 		October
681 BC 		He may have been the son of Humban-Numena III
Died October
681 BC 		[1]
9th Humban-Haltash II October
681 BC 		September
675 BC 		Son of Humban-Haltash I
Died September
675 BC 		[1]
10th Urtak September
675 BC 		c. 664 BC Brother of Humban-Haltash II
Died 663 BC 		[5]
11th Teumman c. September
653 BC 		Brother of Urtak
Died c. September
653 BC
12th Humban-Nikash II Died c. September
653 BC 		[1]
13th Tammaritu I Son of Urtak
Died c. September
653 BC
14th Ummanigash c. 649 BC c. July
648 BC 		Unclear succession
Died c. September
653 BC
15th Indabibi Unclear succession
Died c. July
648 BC
16th Tammaritu II c. July
648 BC 		c. 647 BC Son of Tammaritu I
Died c. 647 BC
17th Humban-haltash III Son of Atta-hamiti-Inshushinakhr
Died c. 647 BC
18th Humban-Nikash III c. 647 BC Son of Atta-Merra-Halki
Died c. 647 BC
19th Umhuluma Unclear succession
20th Indattu-Inshushinak IV
21st Humban-Hapua c. autumn 646 BC
22nd Pa'e
Neo-Elamite III period (c. 646 – c. 539 BC)
24th Shutur-Nahhunte I c. autumn 646 BC Unclear succession
25th Humban-Kitin Uncertain Son of Shutur-Nahhunte III
26th Humban-Tahrah II Unclear succession
27th Hallutash-Inshushinak Son of Humban-Tahrah II
28th Ummanunu I Unclear succession
29th Shilhak-Inshushinak II Son of Ummanunu I
30th Temti-Humban-Inshushinak II c. 550 BC Uncertain Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak II
31st Halkatash Uncertain c. 549 BC Unclear succession
Achaemenid period (c. 539 – c. 327 BC)
32nd Açina Uncertain 10 December
522 BC 		Son of Upadrama
Died 10 December
522 BC
33rd Ummanunu II 10 December
522 BC 		February
521 BC 		Unclear succession
34th Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak February
521 BC 		c. 519 BC Son of Hutran-Temti II

Banesh period (c. 3400 – c. 2800 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Banesh

Anshan (c. 4000 BCE – c. 651 CE)[edit]

Main article: Anshan (Persia)
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Anshan (reigned c. 2350 – c. 2305 BCE)
Unknown r. c. 2350 – c. 2305 BCE
(45 years) 		Unclear succession
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2193 – c. 2140 BCE)
Puzur-Inshushinak r. c. 2193 – c. 2140 BCE
(53 years) 		Son of Shinpi-khish-khuk
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE)
Second dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2140 – c. 2140 BCE)
Gudea r. c. 2140 – c. 2124 BCE
(16 years) 		Son-in-law of Ur-Baba

Proto-Elamite period (c. 3500 – c. 2400 BCE)[edit]

Awan (c. 4000 – c. 2015 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Awan (ancient city)
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
ED IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BCE)
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2580 – c. 2500 BCE)

"4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."

— SKL
1st Unknown r. c. 2580 – c. 2550 BCE
(30 years) 		Unclear succession [t]
2nd [...]-Lu r. c. 2550 – c. 2536 BCE
(14 years) 		[u]
3rd Kul[...] r. c. 2536 – c. 2500 BCE
(36 years) 		[v]

"3 kings; they ruled for 356 years. Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."

— SKL
ED IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE)
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE)
1st Peli r. c. 2500 – c. 2450 BCE
(50 years) 		Unclear succession [w]
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE)
Eannatum r. c. 2450 – c. 2411 BCE
(39 years) 		Son of Akurgal
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2411 – c. 2362 BCE)
1st Peli r. c. 2411 – c. 2400 BCE
(11 years) 		Unclear succession [x]
2nd Tata I r. c. 2400 BCE
(1 year) 		[y]
3rd Ukku-Takhesh r. c. 2400 – c. 2364 BCE
(36 years) 		[z]
First Eblaite kingdom (r. c. 2364 – c. 2362 BCE)
Igrish-Halam r. c. 2364 – c. 2362
(2 years) 		Unclear succession
Irkab-Damu Son of Igrish-Halam
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2362 BCE)
Enentarzi r. c. 2362
(1 year) 		Unclear succession
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2362 – c. 2350 BCE)
4th Hishur r. c. 2362 – c. 2359 BCE
(3 years) 		Unclear succession
5th Shushun-Tarana r. c. 2359 – c. 2356 BCE
(3 years)
6th Napil-Khush r. c. 2356 – c. 2353 BCE
(3 years)
7th Kikkutanteimti r. c. 2353 – c. 2350 BCE
(3 years)
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Dynasty of Adab (r. c. 2350 BCE)
Lugal-Anne-Mundu r. c. 2350 BCE
(1 year) 		Unclear succession
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2350 BCE)
Enshakushanna r. c. 2350 BCE
(1 year) 		He may have been the son of Elulu.
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE)
9th Luh-ishan r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE
(25 years) 		He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep.
He may have d. c. 2325 BCE. 		[aa]
8th Hishep-Ratep r. c. 2325 BCE
(1 year) 		He may have been the father or son of Luh-ishan.
Sanam-Shimut Unclear succession
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2325 BCE)
Sargon r. c. 2325 BCE
(1 year) 		Son of La'ibum
Dynasty of Peli (r. c. 2325 – c. 2315 BCE)
Zinuba r. c. 2315 BCE
(1 year) 		Unclear succession
Early Elamite rulers (r. c. 2315 – c. 2280 BCE)
Emahsini r. c. 2315 – c. 2280 BCE
(35 years) 		Unclear succession
He may have d. c. 2311 BCE.
Kingdom of Marhasi (r. c. 2280 – c. 2278 BCE)
Abalgamash r. c. 2280 – c. 2278 BCE
(2 years) 		Unclear succession
Eshpum r. c. 2278 – c. 2255
(23 years) 		Unclear succession
Lamgium r. c. 2255
(1 year)
Uba
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE)
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2100 – c. 2015 BCE)
12th Puzur-Inshushinak r. c. 2100 – c. 2078 BCE
(22 years) 		Son of Shinpi-khish-khuk

Elamite civilization (c. 2400 BCE – c. 224 CE)[edit]

Main article: Elamite civilization

Old Elamite period (c. 2400 – c. 1500 BCE)[edit]

Elam (c. 2400 BCE – c. 224 CE)[edit]

Sherihum (c. 2400 – c. 2300 BCE)[edit]

# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Sherihum (r. c. 2400 – c. 2300 BCE)
1st [ ... ]hi r. c. 2400 – c. 2371 BCE
(29 years) 		Unclear succession.
2nd [ ... ]ru r. c. 2371 – c. 2316 BCE
(55 years)
3rd Unknown r. c. 2316 – c. 2300 BCE
(16 years)

Tukrish (c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE)[edit]

# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Tukrish (r. c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE)
1st Autalummash r. c. 2350 – c. 2306 BCE
(44 years) 		Unclear succession.
2nd Immashkush r. c. 2306 – c. 2292 BCE
(14 years)
3rd Kiklipatalish r. c. 2292 – c. 2250 BCE
(16 years)

Khukhnur (c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE)[edit]

# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE)
1st Zina r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE
(25 years) 		Unclear succession.
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BCE)
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE)
2nd Unknown r. c. 2154 – c. 2100 BCE
(54 years) 		Unclear succession.
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE)
Kingdom of Khukhnur (r. c. 2350 – c. 2000 BCE)
3rd Unknown r. c. 2100 – c. 2041 BCE
(59 years) 		Unclear succession.
4th Simhuzia r. c. 2041 – c. 2017 BCE
(24 years)
5th Unknown r. c. 2017 – c. 2000 BCE
(17 years)

Der (c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Der (Sumer)
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 BCE)
Unknown r. c. 2350 BCE Unclear succession.
Dynasty of Awan (r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE)
Luh-ishan r. c. 2350 – c. 2325 BCE
(25 years) 		He may have been the father or son of Hishep-Ratep I.
He may have d. c. 2325 BCE.
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Sargon r. c. 2334 – c. 2279 BCE
(56 years) 		The son of La'ibum.
Rimush r. c. 2279 – c. 2270 BCE
(9 years) 		The sons of Sargon.
Manishtushu r. c. 2270 – c. 2255 BCE
(15 years)
Naram-Suen r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE
(36 years) 		The son of Manishtushu.
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2004 BCE)
Third dynasty of Ur (r. c. 2112 – c. 2004 BCE)
Shulgi r. c. 2083 – c. 2050 BCE
(33 years) 		The son of Ur-Nammu.
Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE)
Ursin r. c. 2050 – c. 2006 BCE
(44 years) 		Unclear succession.
Isin-Larsa period (c. 2004 – c. 1763 BCE)
Kingdom of Der (r. c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE)
Unknown r. c. 2006 – c. 1949 BCE
(57 years) 		Unclear succession.
Anum-muttabil r. c. 1949 – c. 1897 BCE
(52 years)
Manana r. c. 1897 – c. 1872 BCE
(25 years)
Naqimum r. c. 1872 – c. 1866 BCE
(6 years)
Sumu-iamutbala r. c. 1866 – c. 1849 BCE
(17 years)
Manium r. c. 1849 BCE
(1 year)
Temti-Shilhak r. c. 1849 – c. 1835 BCE
(14 years)
Kudur-Mabuk r. c. 1835 – c. 1818 BCE
(17 years) 		He may have been the son of Temti-Shilhak.
Rim-Suen I r. c. 1818 – c. 1763 BCE
(55 years) 		He may have been the son of Kudur-Mabuk or Warad-Suen.
Yasub-Yahad r. c. 1756 – c. 1736 BCE
(15 years) 		Unclear succession.
Rim-Suen II r. c. 1741 – c. 1736 BCE
(5 years) 		He may have been the nephew of Rim-Suen I.

Adamdun (c. 2200 – c. 2027 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Adamdun

Simanum (c. 2050 – c. 2000 BCE)[edit]

Awak (c. 2050 – c. 2000 BCE)[edit]

Hidali (c. 2400 – c. 1500 BCE)[edit]

Zakhara (c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE)[edit]

# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Kingdom of Zakhara (r. c. 2350 – c. 2250 BCE)
1st Unknown r. c. 2350 – c. 2315 BCE
(35 years) 		Unclear succession.
2nd Ungapi r. c. 2315 – c. 2254 BCE
(61 years)
3rd Unknown r. c. 2254 – c. 2250 BCE
(4 years)

Urua (c. 2350 – c. 1500 BCE)[edit]

Kimash (c. 2350 – c. 1500 BCE)[edit]

Hurti (c. 2350 – c. 1500 BCE)[edit]

Ganhar (c. 2071 – c. 2035 BCE)[edit]

Middle Elamite period (c. 1500 – c. 1000 BCE)[edit]

Elammat (c. 1400 – c. 1340 BCE)[edit]

Neo-Elamite period (c. 1000 – c. 519 BCE)[edit]

Ellipi (c. 810 – c. 700 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Ellipi

Aiapir (c. 700 – c. 646 BCE)[edit]

Gisati (c. 700 – c. 519 BCE)[edit]

Zamin (c. 700 – c. 519 BCE)[edit]

Hidalu (c. 660 – c. 646 BCE)[edit]

Rashi (c. 660 – c. 646 BCE)[edit]

Samati (c. 600 – c. 519 BCE)[edit]

Zari (c. 600 – c. 519 BCE)[edit]

Zayandeh river civilization (c. 6000 – c. 4000 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Zayandeh River Civilization

Shimashki (c. 2200 – c. 1450 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Shimashki

Babylonian civilization (c. 1894 BCE – c. 224 CE)[edit]

Main article: Babylon civilization

Assyrian civilization (c. 2600 – c. 609 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Assyrian civilization

Isolated kingdoms of unknown origin (c. 3245 BCE – c. 651 CE)[edit]

Hamazi (c. 3245 – c. 2010 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Hamazi

Lulubuna (c. 2400 – c. 650 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Lulubum

Namar (c. 2350 – c. 750 BCE)[edit]

Pashime (c. 2350 – c. 646 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Pashime

Simurrum (c. 2300 – c. 2000 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Simurrum

Gutium (c. 2300 – c. 539 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Gutium

Gilzan (c. 900 – c. 820 BCE)[edit]

Ida (c. 860 – c. 710 BCE)[edit]

Allabria (c. 850 – c. 710 BCE)[edit]

Gizilbunda (c. 850 – c. 700 BCE)[edit]

Araziash (c. 850 – c. 713 BCE)[edit]

Andia (c. 850 – c. 700 BCE)[edit]

Kishesu (c. 830 – c. 710 BCE)[edit]

Sagbitu (c. 820 – c. 710 BCE)[edit]

Abdadana (c. 810 – c. 710 BCE)[edit]

Karalla (c. 720 – c. 700 BCE)[edit]

Uriaku (c. 720 – c. 700 BCE)[edit]

Karzinu (c. 720 – c. 700 BCE)[edit]

Armenian civilization (c. 858 BCE – Present)[edit]

Main article: Armenian civilization

Urartu (c. 858 – c. 585 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Urartu
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Van (r. c. 858 – c. 585 BCE)
1st Aramu r. c. 858 – c. 844 BCE
(14 years) 		Unclear succession.
2nd Lutipri r. c. 844 – c. 834 BCE
(10 years)
3rd Sarduri I r. c. 834 – c. 828 BCE
(6 years) 		The son of Lutipri.
4th Ishpuini r. c. 828 – c. 810 BCE
(18 years) 		The son of Sarduri I.
5th Menua r. c. 810 – c. 786 BCE
(24 years) 		The son of Ishpuini.
6th Argishti I r. c. 786 – c. 764 BCE
(22 years) 		The son of Menua.
7th Sarduri II r. c. 764 – c. 735 BCE
(29 years) 		The son of Argishti I.
8th Rusa I r. c. 735 – c. 714 BCE
(21 years) 		The son of Sarduri II.
9th Argishti II r. c. 714 – c. 680 BCE
(34 years) 		The son of Rusa I.
10th Rusa II r. c. 680 – c. 639 BCE
(34 years) 		The son of Argishti II.
11th Sarduri III r. c. 639 – c. 625 BCE
(14 years) 		The sons of Rusa II.
12th Erimena r. c. 625 – c. 620 BCE
(5 years)
13th Rusa III r. c. 620 – c. 615 BCE
(5 years) 		The son of Erimena.
14th Sarduri IV r. c. 615 – c. 595 BCE
(20 years) 		The sons of Rusa III.
15th Rusa IV r. c. 595 – c. 585 BCE
(10 years)

Satrapy of Armenia (c. 585 – c. 321 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Satrapy of Armenia
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Satrapy of Armenia (r. c. 585 – c. 321 BCE)
1st Eruvand r. c. 585 – c. 560 BCE
(25 years) 		Unclear succession.
2nd Tigran r. c. 560 – c. 535 BCE
(25 years) 		The son of Eruvand.

Iranian civilization (c. 730 BCE – Present)[edit]

Main article: Iranian civilization
Further information: Persian civilization and Scythian civilization

Parsua (c. 730 – c. 635 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Parsua
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Parsua (r. c. 730 – c. 635 BCE)
1st Achaemenes r. c. 730 – c. 710 BCE
(20 years) 		Unclear succession.
2nd Teispes I r. c. 710 – c. 685 BCE
(25 years) 		The son of Achaemenes.
3rd Cambyses I r. c. 685 – c. 660 BCE
(25 years) 		The son of Teispes I.
4th Cyrus I r. c. 660 – c. 635 BCE
(25 years) 		The son of Cambyses I.

Persis (c. 730 – c. 327 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Persis
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Persis (r. c. 730 – c. 327 BCE)
1st Achaemenes r. c. 730 – c. 675 BCE
(55 years) 		Unclear succession.
2nd Teispes II r. c. 675 – c. 610 BCE
(65 years) 		The son of Cyrus I.
He may have d. c. 640 BCE.
3rd Cyrus II r. c. 610 – c. 585 BCE
(25 years) 		The son of Teispes II.
He may have d. c. 580 BCE.
4th Cambyses II r. c. 585 – 559 BCE
(26 years) 		The son of Cyrus II.
d. 559 BCE.
5th Cyrus III r. 559 – December 530 BCE
(29 years) 		The son of Cambyses II.
d. December 530 BCE.
6th Cambyses III r. 530 – July 522 BCE
(8 years) 		The son of Cyrus III.
d. July 522 BCE.
7th Bardiya r. 522 BCE
(1 year) 		The son of Cyrus III.
d. 522 BCE.
8th Darius I r. 522 – October 486 BCE
(36 years) 		The son of Hystaspes.
d. October 486 BCE.
9th Xerxes I r. 486 – August 465 BCE
(21 years) 		The son of Darius I.
d. August 465 BCE.
10th Artaxerxes I r. 465–424 BCE
(41 years) 		The son of Xerxes I.
d. 424 BCE.
11th Xerxes II r. 424 BCE
(45 days) 		The son of Artaxerxes I.
d. 424 BCE.
12th Sogdianus r. 424–423 BCE
(6 months) 		The son of Darius I.
13th Darius II r. 423 – c. 404 BCE
(19 years) 		The son of Darius I.
d. c. 404 BCE.
14th Artaxerxes II r. c. 404 – c. April 358 BCE
(46 years) 		The son of Darius II.
d. c. April 358 BCE.
15th Artaxerxes III r. c. April 358 – c. September 338 BCE
(20 years) 		The son of Darius II.
d. c. September 338 BCE.
16th Artaxerxes IV r. c. September 338 – 336 BCE
(2 years) 		The son of Artaxerxes III.
d. 336 BCE.
17th Darius III r. 336 – July 330 BCE
(6 years) 		The son of Artaxerxes IV.
d. July 330 BCE.
18th Artaxerxes V r. July 330 – 329 BCE
(1 year) 		He may have been a descendant of Artaxerxes II.
d. 329 BCE.

Mannaea (c. 730 – c. 611 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Mannaea
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Mannaea (r. c. 730 – c. 611 BCE)
1st Udaki r. c. 730 – c. 725 BCE
(5 years) 		Unclear succession.
2nd Iranzu r. c. 725 – c. 720 BCE
(5 years)
3rd Aza r. c. 720 – c. 714 BCE
(6 years) 		The son of Iranzu.
4th Ullusunu r. c. 714 – c. 676 BCE
(38 years) 		Unclear succession.
5th Ahsheri r. c. 676 – c. 649 BCE
(27 years)
6th Ualli r. c. 649 – c. 611 BCE
(38 years)

Media (c. 700 – c. 521 BCE)[edit]

Main articles: Media (region) and Median dynasty
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Kingdom of Media (r. c. 700 – c. 521 BCE)
1st Deioces r. c. 700 – c. 678 BCE
(22 to 53 years) 		The son of Phraortes.
He may have d. c. 675 BCE.
2nd Phraortes r. c. 678 – c. 625 BCE
(20 to 53 years) 		The son of Deioces.
He may have d. c. 625 BCE.
3rd Madyes r. c. 625 – c. 620 BCE
(1 to 28 years) 		The son of Bartatua.
He may have d. c. 615 BCE.
4th Cyaxares I r. c. 620 – c. 585 BCE
(36 to 40 years) 		The son of Phraortes.
He may have d. c. 585 BCE.
5th Astyages r. c. 585 – c. 550 BCE
(34 or 35 years) 		The son of Cyaxares I.
Cyaxares II r. c. 521 BCE He may have been a descendant of Cyaxares I.

Scythia (c. 714 – c. 513 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Scythia
# Portrait or inscription Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Notes and references
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Scythian kingdom in West Asia (r. c. 714 – c. 615 BCE)
1st Išpakaia r. c. 714 – c. 679 BCE
(35 years) 		Unclear succession.
He may have d. c. 679 BCE.
2nd Bartatua r. c. 679 – c. 658 BCE
(21 years) 		He may have been the son of Išpakaia.
He may have d. c. 658 BCE.
3rd Madyes r. c. 658 – c. 615 BCE
(1 to 43 years) 		The son of Bartatua.
He may have d. c. 615 BCE.
Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE)
Scythian kingdom in the Pontic steppe (r. c. 615 – c. 513 BCE)
1st Spargapeithes Uncertain. Unclear succession.
2nd Lykos The son of Spargapeithes.
3rd Gnouros The son of Lykos.
4th Saulios The son of Gnouros.
5th Idanthyrsus r. c. 513 BCE The son of Saulios.

Zikirti (c. 750 – c. 521 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Zikirti

Saparda (c. 720 – c. 670 BCE)[edit]

Main article: Saparda

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Sumerian: 𒈗, romanized: lugal; transliterated: lú.gal; lugal; lit. 'big man'.
  2. ^ The Sumerian king list (SKL) is a regnal list that records up to 139 kings—three of whom were from Awan and apparently held the kingship (Sumerian: 𒉆𒈗, romanized: nam-lugal) over both: Awan and Sumer (Sumerian: 𒆠𒂗𒄀, romanized: kién-g̃i(-r)) after the fall of the first dynasty of Ur. Moreover: a Susian regnal list (the Susian dynastic list) names an additional 24 rulers (twelve from Awan and a further twelve from Shimashki; both of which—along with Susa—are considered to have been major cities occupied by the Elamites). Some have suggested that the first three Awanite rulers mentioned on the Susian dynastic list may have been the same three on the SKL said to have ruled over both Awan and Sumer.
  3. ^ Sumerian: 𒉺𒋼𒋛, romanized: lugal kiški; transliterated: lugal kiški.
  4. ^ Sumerian: 𒈗𒌦𒈠, romanized: lugal kalam-ma; transliterated: lugal kalam.ma.
  5. ^ Sumerian: 𒂗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒈗𒌦, romanized: én kién-g̃i(-r) lugal kalam
  6. ^ Sumerian: 𒉺𒋼𒋛, lit. 'énsí'; transliterated: pa.te.si; ensi₂; lit. 'lord of the plowland'.
  7. ^ 𒄊𒀴; transliterated: g̃ir₃.nita; šagina.
  8. ^ [] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help): no text (help)
  9. ^ Enmebaragesi is said on the Sumerian King List (SKL) to have ruled as a king of Kish; furthermore, that he subdued Elam.
  10. ^ He may have been an Elamite despot temp. Gilgamesh of Uruk.
  11. ^ This unknown person is said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
  12. ^ [...]-Lu is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
  13. ^ Kul[...] (Sumerian: 𒆪𒌌, romanized: Kul[...]; transliterated: ku.ul) is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
  14. ^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
  15. ^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
  16. ^ Tata is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
  17. ^ Ukku-Takhesh is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
  18. ^ Luh-ishan (Sumerian: 𒇻𒄴𒄭 𒅖𒊮𒀭, romanized: Luhhiššan; transliterated: lu.uḥ.ḥi iš.ša.an) is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan. He also ruled as a king of Elam temp. Sargon of Akkad.
  19. ^ Kindattu is said to have ruled as a king of Elam temp. Ibbi-Suen (Daryaee 2012, p. 67; Edwards, Gadd & Hammond 1970, pp. 612–615; Gombert 2018).
  20. ^ This unknown person is said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
  21. ^ [...]-Lu is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
  22. ^ Kul[...] (Sumerian: 𒆪𒌌, romanized: Kul[...]; transliterated: ku.ul) is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer.
  23. ^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
  24. ^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
  25. ^ Tata is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
  26. ^ Ukku-Takhesh is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan.
  27. ^ Luh-ishan (Sumerian: 𒇻𒄴𒄭 𒅖𒊮𒀭, romanized: Luhhiššan; transliterated: lu.uḥ.ḥi iš.ša.an) is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan. He also ruled as a king of Elam temp. Sargon of Akkad.

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Dahl 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Vallat 2011.
  3. ^ Cameron 2008.
  4. ^ Majidzadeh 2008.
  5. ^ Potts 1999, p. 269.

Sources[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Journals[edit]

External links[edit]

Further reading[edit]
Geography[edit]
Language[edit]
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