User:PQ4952/sandbox/1a
Philosophy[edit]
− − Traditional and evidence-based chiropractic belief systems vary along a philosophical spectrum ranging from vitalism to materialism. These opposing philosophies have been a source of debate since the time of Aristotle and Plato. Vitalism, the belief that living things contain an element that cannot be explained through matter, was responsible for legally and philosophically differentiating chiropractic from conventional medicine and thereby helping ensure professional autonomy.[1] Chiropractic also retains elements of materialism, the belief that all things have explanations, which forms the basis of science. Evidence-based chiropractic balances this dualism by emphasizing both the tangible, testable principle that structure affects function, and the untestable, metaphorical recognition that life is self-sustaining.[2] The chiropractor's purpose is to foster the establishment and maintenance of an organism-environment dynamic that is the most conducive to functional well-being of the person as a whole.[2] Principles such as holism, naturalism, therapeutic conservatism, critical rationalism, and thoughts from the phenomenological and humanistic paradigms form an important part of the philosophy of chiropractic"[3]
− − Chiropractors can adopt or share vitalist, naturalist, or materialist viewpoints and emphasize a holistic, patient-centered approach that appreciates the multifactorial nature of influences (i.e. structural, chemical, and psychological) on the functioning of the body in health and disease and recognizes the dynamics and interplay between lifestyle, environment, and health. This holistic paradigm is also blended with a biopsychosocial approach, which is also emphasized in chiropractic care. In addition, chiropractors also retain naturopathic and naturalist principles that suggest decreased "host resistance" of the body facilitates the disease process and that natural interventions are preferable towards strengthening the host in its effort to optimize function and return to homeostasis.[2] Chiropractic care primarily emphasizes manipulation and other manual therapies as an alternative than medications and surgery.[4]
− − Chiropractors also commonly use nutrition, exercise, patient education, health promotion and lifestyle counseling as part of their holistic outlook towards preventive health care.[5] Chiropractic's claim to improve health by improving biomechanical and neural function by the manual correction of joint and soft tissue dysfunctions of the neuromusculoskeletal system differentiates it from mainstream medicine and other complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) disciplines, but is also rooted, in part, in osteopathy and eastern medicine interventions.[3] All chiropractic paradigms emphasize the spine as their focus, but their rationales for treatment vary depending on their particular belief system.
− − The philosophy of chiropractic also stresses the importance of prevention and primarily utilizes a pro-active approach and a wellness model to achieve this goal.[6] For some, prevention includes a concept of "maintenance care" that attempts to "detect and correct" structural imbalances of the neuromusculoskeletal system while in its primary, or functional state.[7] The objective is early identification of mechanical dysfunctions to prevent or delay permanent pathological changes.[8]
− − In summary, the major premises regarding the philosophy of chiropractic include:[2]
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- Holism
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- non-invasive, emphasizes patient's inherent recuperative abilities
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- recognizes dynamics between lifestyle, environment, and health
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- spine and health are related in an important and fundamental way, and this relationship is mediated through the nervous system.[1]
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- recognizes the centrality of the nervous system and its intimate relationship with both the structural and regulatory capacities of the body
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- appreciates the multifactorial nature of influences (structural, chemical, and psychological) on the nervous system
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- Conservatism
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- balances the benefits against the risks of clinical interventions
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- emphasizes non-invasive treatments to minimize risk with a preference to avoid surgery and medication
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- recognizes as imperative the need to monitor progress and effectiveness through appropriate diagnostic procedures
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- prevents unnecessary barriers in the doctor-patient encounter
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- Manual and biopsychosocial approaches
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- strives toward early intervention, emphasizing timely diagnosis and treatment of reversible conditions before loss of functionality
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- emphasizes a patient-centered model in which the patient is considered to be indispensable in, and ultimately responsible for, the maintenance of health[1]
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- approach of improving health through influencing function through structure primarily via manual therapies
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Treatment procedures[edit]
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− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −| procedure
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% of DCs using it − |
% of patients receiving it − |
|---|---|---|
| Diversified (full-spine manipulation)
− |
96.2
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71.5
− |
| Physical fitness/exercise promotion
− |
98.3
− |
64.9
− |
| Corrective or therapeutic exercise
− |
98.3
− |
63.2
− |
| Ergonomic/postural advice
− |
97.3
− |
61.9
− |
| Self-care strategies
− |
96.6
− |
60.6
− |
| Activities of daily living
− |
96.6
− |
57.9
− |
| Changing risky/unhealthy behaviors
− |
96.6
− |
54.9
− |
| Nutritional/dietary recommendations
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97.7
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51.8
− |
| Relaxation/stress reduction recommendations
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96.4
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50.1
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| Ice pack/cryotherapy
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94.5
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48.5
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| Extremity adjusting
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95.4
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46.8
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| Trigger point therapy
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91.0
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45.3
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| Disease prevention/early screening advice
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90.8
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39.7
− |
−
Medical opposition[edit]
− − In 1899, a medical doctor in Davenport, USA, named Heinrich Matthey started a campaign against drugless practitioners. D.D. Palmer insisted that his techniques did not need the same courses or license as medical doctors, as his graduates did not prescribe drugs, perform surgery or evaluate laboratory diagnostics. However, in 1906, D.D. Palmer was convicted for practicing medicine without a license. In response, B.J. created the Universal Chiropractic Association (UCA) for the purpose of protecting its members by covering their legal expenses should they get arrested for practicing medicine.[10]
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− − Its first case came in 1907, when Shegataro Morikubo, DC was charged with unlicensed practice of osteopathic medicine in Wisconsin. Morikubo was freed using the defense that chiropractic philosophy was different from osteopathic philosophy. The victory reshaped the development of the chiropractic profession, which then marketed itself as a science, an art and a philosophy. This began a longstanding feud between chiropractors and medical doctors that would culminate in the mid 1980's in a landmark case, Wilk et al. vs American Medical Association (AMA). Until 1983, the AMA held that it was unethical for medical doctors to associate with an "unscientific practitioner", and labeled chiropractic "an unscientific cult".[This quote needs a citation] In 1984, Joseph Janse, DC, ND, attempted to describe the divide in chiropractic and medical philosophy regarding prevention and patient care:
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− "Unless pathology is demonstrable under the microscope, as in the laboratory or by roentgenograms, to them [medical doctors] it does not exist. For years the progressive minds in chiropractic have pointed out this deficiency. With emphasis they [chiropractors] have maintained the fact that prevention is so much more effective than attempts at a cure. They pioneered the all-important principle that effective eradication of disease is accomplished only when it is in its functional (beginning) phase rather than its organic (terminal) stage. It has been their contention that in general the doctor, the therapist and the clinician have failed to realize exactly what is meant by disease processes, and have been satisfied to consider damaged organs as disease, and to think in terms of sick organs and not in terms of sick people. In other words, we have failed to contrast disease with health, and to trace the gradual deteriorization along the downward path, believing almost that mild departures from the physiological normal were of little consequence, until they were replaced by pathological changes…"[11]
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Wilk et al. vs. American Medical Association[edit]
− Chester A. Wilk, DC from Chicago initiated an antitrust suit against the AMA and other medical associations in 1976 - Wilk et al. vs AMA et al.[12] The landmark lawsuit ended in 1987 when the US District Court found the AMA guilty of conspiracy and restraint of trade; the Joint Council on Accreditation of Hospitals and the American College of Physicians were exonerated. The court recognized that the AMA had to show its concern for patients, but was not persuaded that this could not have been achieved in a manner less restrictive of competition, for instance by public education campaigns.[13] A summary of the court's opinion concluded:
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− − "Evidence at the trial showed that the defendants took active steps, often covert, to undermine chiropractic educational institutions, conceal evidence of the usefulness of chiropractic care, undercut insurance programs for patients of chiropractors, subvert government inquiries into the efficacy of chiropractic, engage in a massive disinformation campaign to discredit and destabilize the chiropractic profession and engage in numerous other activities to maintain a medical physician monopoly over health care in this country."[13]
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− − On February 7, 1990, the AMA lost its appeal,[14] and could no longer prevent medical physicians from collaborating with chiropractors.[13]
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Movement toward science[edit]
− − In 1975, chiropractors joined medical and scientific attendees in a workshop sponsored by the National Institutes of Health on the research status of spinal manipulation. In 1978, the Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics (JMPT) was launched.[15] in 1983 the JMPT published an article advocating "a scientific institution with some capability for research" and was considered the beginning of the scientific chiropractic movement .[16]
− Spinal manipulative therapy gained recognition by mainstream medicine during the 1980s.[17]
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The Manga Report[edit]
− − The Manga Report was an outcomes-study funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health and conducted by three health economists led by Professor Pran Manga. The Report supported the scientific validity, safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of chiropractic for low-back pain, and found that chiropractic care had higher patient satisfaction levels than conventional alternatives. The report states that "The literature clearly and consistently shows that the major savings from chiropractic management come from fewer and lower costs of auxiliary services, fewer hospitalizations, and a highly significant reduction in chronic problems, as well as in levels and duration of disability."[18]
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Workers' compensation studies[edit]
− − In 1998, a study of 10,652 Florida workers' compensation cases was conducted by Steve Wolk. He concluded that "a claimant with a back-related injury, when initially treated by a chiropractor versus a medical doctor, is less likely to become temporarily disabled, or if disabled, remains disabled for a shorter period of time; and claimants treated by medical doctors were hospitalized at a much higher rate than claimants treated by chiropractors."[19] Similarly, a 1991 study of Oregon Workers' Compensation Claims examined 201 randomly selected workers' compensation cases that involved disabling low-back injuries: when individuals with similar injuries were compared, those who visited DCs generally missed fewer days of work than those who visited MDs.[20]
− − A 1989 study analyzed data on Iowa state records from individuals who filed claims for back or neck injuries. The study compared benefits and the cost of care from MDs, DCs and DOs, focusing on individuals who had missed days of work and who had received compensation for their injuries. Individuals who visited DCs missed on average 2.3 fewer days than those who visited MDs, and 3.8 fewer days than those who saw DOs, and accordingly, less money was dispersed as employment compensation on average for individuals who visited DCs.[21]
− − In 1989, a survey by Cherkin et al. concluded that patients receiving care from health maintenance organizations in the state of Washington were three times as likely to report satisfaction with care from DCs as they were with care from other physicians. The patients were also more likely to believe that their chiropractor was concerned about them.[22]
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American Medical Association (AMA)[edit]
− − In 1997, the following statement was adopted as policy of the AMA after a report on a number of alternative therapies.[23] Specifically about chiropractic care it said,"Manipulation has been shown to have a reasonably good degree of efficacy in ameliorating back pain, headache, and similar musculoskeletal complaints."
− In 1992, the AMA stated "It is ethical for a physician to associate professionally with chiropractors provided that the physician believes that such association is in the best interests of his or her patient. A physician may refer a patient for diagnostic or therapeutic services to a chiropractor permitted by law to furnish such services whenever the physician believes that this may benefit his or her patient. Physicians may also ethically teach in recognized schools of chiropractic. (V, VI)"[24]
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British Medical Association[edit]
− − The British Medical Association notes that "There is also no problem with GPs referring patients to practitioners in osteopathy and chiropractic who are registered with the relevant statutory regulatory bodies, as a similar means of redress is available to the patient."[25]
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- ^ a b c Keating JC Jr (2005). "Philosophy in chiropractic". In Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B et al. (eds.) (ed.). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 77–98. ISBN 0-07-137534-1.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ a b c d Mootz RD, Phillips RB (1997). "Chiropractic belief systems". In Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.) (ed.). Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research. AHCPR Pub No. 98-N002. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. pp. 9–16. OCLC 39856366. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help) - ^ a b Phillips RB (2005). "The evolution of vitalism and materialism and its impact on philosophy". In Haldeman S, Dagenais S, Budgell B et al. (eds.) (ed.). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 65–76. ISBN 0-07-137534-1.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Hansen DT, Mootz RD (1999). "Formal processes in health care technology assessment: a primer for the chiropractic profession". In Mootz RD, Hansen DT (ed.). Chiropractic technologies. Jones & Bartlett. pp. 3–17. ISBN 0834213737.
- ^ Rupert RL (2000). "A survey of practice patterns and the health promotion and prevention attitudes of US chiropractors, maintenance care: part I". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 23 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/S0161-4754(00)90107-6. PMID 10658870.
- ^ Rupert RL, Manello D, Sandefur R (2000). "Maintenance care: health promotion services administered to US chiropractic patients aged 65 and older, part II". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 23 (1): 10–9. doi:10.1016/S0161-4754(00)90108-8. PMID 10658871.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Canadian Chiropractic Association (1996). "Glenerin guidelines: preventive maintenance care". Retrieved 2008-02-26.
- ^ Vear HJ (1992). "Scope of chiropractic practice". In Vear HJ (ed.) (ed.). Chiropractic Standards of Practice and Quality of Care. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen. pp. 49–68. OCLC 23972994.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help) - ^ Christensen MG, Kollasch MW (2005). "Professional functions and treatment procedures" (PDF). Job Analysis of Chiropractic. Greeley, CO: National Board of Chiropractic Examiners. pp. 121–38. ISBN 1-884457-05-3. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
- ^ Keating J. (1999), Tom Moore Defender of Chiropractic Part 1, Dynamic Chiropractic
- ^ Janse J, quoted in: Strang VV (1984). Essential Principles of Chiropractic. Davenport, IA: Palmer College of Chiropractic. p. 26. OCLC 12102972.
- ^ Robbins J (1996),Medical monopoly: the game nobody wins - excerpt from 'Reclaiming Our Health: Exploding the Medical Myth and Embracing the Source of True Healing', Vegetarian Times available online
- ^ a b c Wilk vs American Medical Association Summary
- ^ Wilk v. AMA, 895 F.2d 352 (7th Cir. 1990).
- ^ Keating JC Jr (1997). "Faulty logic & non-skeptical arguments in chiropractic" (Document).
{{cite document}}: Cite document requires|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|accessdate=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|url=ignored (help) - ^ DeBoer KF (1983). "Notes from the (chiropractic college's) underground". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 6 (3): 147–50. PMID 6655376.
- ^ "International MUA Academy of Physicians - Historical Considerations". Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ Manga P, Angus D. (1998) Enhanced Chiropractic Coverage Under OHIP as a Means of Reducing Health Care Costs, Attaining Better Health Outcomes and Achieving Equitable Access to Health Services. Retrieved 08 29 2006, from OCA
- ^ Wolk S. (1988) An analysis of Florida workers' compensation medical claims for back-related injuries. J Amer Chir Ass 27:50-59
- ^ Nyiendo J. (1991) Disability low back Oregon workers' compensation claims. Part II: Time loss. J Manip Physiol Ther 14:231-239
- ^ Johnson M. (1989) A comparison of chiropractic, medical and osteopathic care for work-related sprains/strains. J Manip Physiol Ther 12:335-344
- ^ Cherkin CD, MacCornack FA, Berg AO (1988) Managing low back pain. A comparison of the beliefs and behaviours of family physicians and chiropractors.West J Med 149:475–480
- ^ "AMA (CSAPH) Report 12 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-97) Full Text". Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ "AMA (Professionalism) E-3.041 Chiropractic". Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ British Medical Association, "Referrals to complementary therapists"