User:Nuvolet/sandbox

Infobox

Valencian Community Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) Comunidad Valenciana (Spanish)
Autonomous community
Country	Spain
Capital (and largest city)	Valencia
Provinces
Government
• Type	Devolved government
• Body	Generalitat Valenciana
• President	1 (A)
• Vice President	2 (B)
Legislature	Corts Valencianes
Area
• Total	23,255 km2 (8,979 sq mi)
• Rank	8th
	4.6% of Spain
Demonym(s)	Valencian  •valencià, -ana (va)  •valenciano, -na (es)
Official languages	Valencian and Spanish
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Telephone code(s)	+34 96
Currency	Euro (€)
Patron saint(s)	Saint Vincent
Website	www.gva.es

Phonology

Consonants of Valencian

	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Dental/ Alveolar		Palatal		Velar
Nasal		m				n		ɲ		(ŋ)
Stop	p	b			t	d			k	ɡ
Affricate					ts	dz	tʃ	dʒ
Fricative			f	v	s	z	ʃ	(ʒ)
Approximant								j		w
Lateral						l		ʎ
Flap						ɾ
Trill						r

Vowels

Vowels of Valencian

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-mid	e	o
Near-open / Open	ɛ	ɔ
	a

Vowels:

• Stressed /i, u/ → [i̞, u̞] or [ɪ̝, ʊ̝] (depending on the case)
  • Unstressed /i, u/ → [ɪ, ʊ] (they often stay unchanged from stressed /i, u/ due to vowel harmony)
• Stressed /e, o/ (in final open syllables, and in the suffix -or) → [e̞, o̞]
  • Unstressed /e/ → [ɘ/ɵ ~ ɜ/ɞ ~ ɐ ~ (e̠)] (in Eastern Catalan) and [e̠ ~ (/a/: ɐ, æ̈, ʌ̞̈) ~ (/i/: ɪ)] (in Western Catalan)
  • Unstressed /o/ → [ʊ ~ (o̟)] (unstressed [o̟] is found more frequently in Western dialects and Majorcan)
• Stressed /ɛ, ɔ/ → [ɛ, ɔ] or [æ, ɒ] (depending on the dialect/environment)
  • Stressed /ɛ/ (in final closed syllables, especially before liquids) → [æ̠]
• Stressed /a/ → [a/æ̞] (found in contact with palatals) and [ɑ] (found in contact with velars).
  • Unstressed /a/ → [ɘ/ɵ ~ ɜ/ɞ ~ ɐ ~ (ä̝)] (Eastern Catalan) and [ɐ/ä̝ ~ (ʌ̞̈/ɑ̝̈) ~ (ɛ̞̈/æ̈) ~ (ɔ̞̈/ɒ̝̈)] (Western Catalan)
    • Examples of vowel harmony with /a/: /CV₁(C)CV₂/ → [CV₁(C)CV₁], /CV₁(C)CV₂CV₃/ → [CV₁(C)CV₂CV₂], /CV₁CCV₂C/ → [CV₂CCV₂C], /V₁CV₂(C)CV₁/ → [V₂CV₂(C)CV₂], /CV₁CV₂CV₃CV₂/ → [CV₃CV₃CV₃CV₃], etc.
• /aa, ee, etc./ → [ɐ:/a:, ɘ:/e:, etc.]
• /aN, eN, etc./ → [ɐ̃N, ẽN, etc.]

Vowels (pan-dialectal)

Vowels of Catalan

	Front	Central	Back
Close / Near-close	i   (y)		u
Close-mid	e	(ə)	o
Mid	(ɛ̝)   (œ̝)		(ɔ̝)
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Near-open / Open	(æ)		(ɒ)
	a

Main vocalic allophones

Main vocalic allophones

Phoneme	Phone / Allophone	Usage	Example
/a/
	[ä]	- Found in most instances	mà
	[a]	- Before/after palatals (*)	nyap
	[ã]	- Same than [a], but followed by a nasal	llamp
	[ɑ]	- Before/after velars	poal
	[ɑ̃]	- Same than [ɑ], but followed by a nasal	sang
	[ɐ]	- In unstressed position	abans
	[ɐ̃]	- Nasal [ɐ]; that is, [ɐ] followed by or in between nasals	llançat
	[ɛ̈] ~ [ɔ̈]	- Final unstressed syllables (vowel harmony) (*)	terra / dona
/ɛ/
	[æ]	- Before liquids and in monosyllabic terms	set
	[æ̃]	- Before nasals	dens
	[ɛ]	- Rest of cases (*)	terra
/e/
	[e]	- Found in stressed and unstressed syllables	sec
	[ẽ]	- In stressed and unstressed position followed by or in between nasals	lent
	[a]	- Unstressed position before palatals (*)	eixam
	[ɐ̃]	- In some cases, in unstressed position before nasals (*)	entendre
	[ɪ]	- Found in the suffix -ixement (*)	naixement
/i/
	[i]	- Especially found in stressed syllables	sis
	[ĩ]	- Nasal [i]; that is, [i] followed by or in between nasals	dins
	[ɪ]	- Unstressed position	xiquet
	[ɪ̃]	- Nasal [ɪ]; that is, [ɪ] followed by or in between nasals	minvar
	[ɪ̯]	- Unstressed position before/after vowels	iogurt
/ɔ/
	[ɒ]	- Found before stops and in monosyllabic terms	roig
	[ɒ̃]	- Before nasals	pondre
	[ɔ]	- Rest of cases (*)	dona
/o/
	[o]	- Found in stressed and unstressed syllables	molt
	[õ]	- Nasal [o]; that is, [o] followed by or in between nasals	on
	[o̞]	- Found in the suffix -dor and in coda stressed syllables	cançó
	[ʊ]	- Unstressed position before labials, a syllable with a high vowel and in some given names (*)	Josep
	[ʊ̃]	- Same as [ʊ], but followed by a nasal	complit
	[eʊ̯]	- Found in most cases with the weak pronoun ho	ho
/u/
	[u]	- Especially found in stressed syllables	lluç
	[ũ]	- Nasal [u]; that is, [u] followed by or in between nasals	fum
	[ʊ]	- Unstressed position	sucar
	[ʊ̃]	- Nasal [ʊ]; that is, [ʊ] followed by or in between nasals	muntó
	[ʊ̯]	- Unstressed position before/after vowels	teua

Transcription for Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian

IPA Consonants C V Examples English approximation b b bell, àmbit, capgròs best v vell, envit, watt best (C) / vest (V) β avanç, selva vest b abans, arbre vest (C) / best (V) d drac, indret, ritme door dz dz setze, tots alhora adze z utilitza adze (C) / zebra (V) dʒ viatja, fetge, migdia jeep ð cada, lladre other f fort, bafs face ɡ guant, angle, guiar, ècdisi got ɣ aigües, agrat, lloguer between got and hot k cors, quan, qui, llarg, kiwi scan l laca, ceŀla, val pile ʎ llac, cella, Elx billion m meu, comte mode ɱ limfa, ínfim lymph n neu, dansa note ŋ sang, cigne ring ɲ nyeu, penges onion p por, dubte span r ruc, mirra, honra Scots rook ɾ mira, truc, per US ladder s set, està, feliç sick ʃ tʃ xec, Barx ship (C) / cheap (V) jʃ caixa ship (C) / geisha (V) ʃ Xàtiva, guix ship t terra, fred stand ts lletsó, tots cats tʃ txec, veig, mig cheap v hafni, bafs d'aigua vest z zel, esma zebra ʒ dʒ joc, gespa genre (C) / jeep (V) j jo genre (C) / young (V) jʒ caixmir genre (C) / beige (V) ʒ guix verd genre IPA Marginal consonants h ehem hot θ theta, López thing x kharja, Bach Scots loch   IPA Semivowels C V Examples English approximation j iode, posa-hi, York young w quart, Güell, posa-ho, web quick

IPA Vowels C V Examples English approximation a sac, ànecs father ɛ ɛ set, èxit pet e sec, què pet (C) / face (V) e séc, anells, ídem face ə demà alpha (C) / face (V) a fadrí, entens alpha (C) / father (V) i naixement alpha (C) / meet (V) i sic, ties, fillet meet ɔ soc, això off o o sóc, molt, ego, mouré story u oratge rule (C) / story (V) u suc, dues, fullet, cobert rule IPA Marginal vowels y déjà vu cute   IPA Suprasegmentals C V Examples Explanation ˈ Dídac [ˈdiðək] (C) / [ˈdiðak] (V) primary stress ˌ Bellpuig [ˌbeʎˈputʃ] (C / V) secondary stress . Maria [məˈɾi.ə] (C) / [maˈɾi.a] (V) syllable break ː Imma [ˈimːə] (C) / [ˈimːa] (V) long consonant/vowel IPA Other representations ( ) Corts [ˈkoɾ(t)s] (C / V) optional sound

Narrow (pan-dialectal) transcription

Consonants IPA Examples English approximation b b, mb best β -b-, -v- between best and vest d d, nd door dz tz adze dʒ j jeep ð -d- other f f face ɡ ng got ɣ g-, -g-, gu-, gu-, -gu-, -gu- between got and hot j i young k c, qu-, qu- scan l l pile ʎ ll billion m m mode ɱ m lymph n n note ŋ n sink ɲ ny enjoy p p span r r-, -rr- rook ɾ -r-, -r US ladder s s-, -ss- sick ʃ x ship t t stand ts t cats tʃ tx, -ig cheap v v vest w u wet z z, -s- zebra ʒ j genre

Vowels IPA Examples English approximation a a bat ɑ a palm ɛ e pet e e face i i meet ɔ o off o o story u u food Reduced vowels IPA Examples English approximation ɐ a, e alpha e e access ɪ i rabbit o o US arrow ʊ u, o input   Suprasegmentals IPA Examples Explanation ˈ Laia [ˈlɑjɐ] Primary stress ˌ Font-rubí [ˌfɔ̃nrʊˈβi] Secondary stress . Badia [bɐˈði.ɐ] Syllabification Diacritics ˜ Arenys [ɐˈɾɛ̃ɲʃ] / [ɐˈɾẽɲʃ] Nasalization IPA Other representations ( ) Aleix [ɐˈlɛ(ɪ)ɕ] Optional sound

IPA-cadia (Balearic & Algherese)

IPA Consonants Phoneme B A Examples English approximation Ib. Ma. Mi. /b/ b bell, abans best /d/ d drac door ð ɾ cada there / US ladder /dz/ dz dz setze pads z realitza zebra (B) / pads (A) /dʒ/ dʒ mitjà, viatge jeep /f/ f força, viv (A) face /ɡ/ ɡ ɡ ɡ guant got ɟ gas got (rest of B & A) / RP due (Ma.) ɣ ʝ ɣ lloguer between got and hold (rest of B & A) / d'you (Ma.) ɣ iogurt between got and hold /k/ k k k cor scan c cas scan (rest of B & A) / stew (Ma.) /l/ l laca, ball (A), port (A) luck /ʎ/ ʎ llac, ball (B) billion /m/ m meu, comte mode ɱ limfa lymph /n/ n neu, any (A) need /ŋ/ ŋ sang, víking ring /ɲ/ ɲ nyeu, any (B) onion /p/ p por, dubte span /r/ r ruc, honra Scots rook /ɾ/ ɾ truc, hora, port (B) US ladder /s/ s sol, està, feliç sack /ʃ/ ʃ xec sharp guix /iʃ/ caixa /t/ t terra, fred stand /ts/ ts potser cats /tʃ/ tʃ txec, mig cheap /v/ v vell, avanç vest /z/ z zel, esma zebra /(d)ʒ/ ʒ dʒ ja (rest of B & A), joc, gespa rouge (B) / jeep (A) IPA Syllabic consonants /l/ l̩ vincl wrinkle /lː/ l̩ː vetl long li'l /ɾ/ ɾ̩ compr US camper /ɾː/ ([r]) ɾ̩ː corr long US car IPA Marginal consonants /h/ h ehem ham /θ/ θ Smith thing /x/ x kharja Scots loch   IPA Semivowels Phoneme B A Examples English approximation Ib. Ma. Mi. /j/ j iode, ja (Ib.) young /w/ w quatre, prov (Ma.) quick   IPA Vowels Phoneme B A Examples English approximation Ib. Ma. Mi. /a/ a a a anar, mà father æ casa, sac bat /ɛ/ ɛ set pet /ə/ (*) ə e sec alpha (B) / race (A) /e/ a entens alpha (B) / father (A) i naixement alpha (B) / beep (A) e séc race /i/ i i sic beep a inserir beep (B) / father (A) /ɔ/ ɔ soc off /o/ o o o o sóc, molt story a hospital story (B) / father (A) u u oratge rule (rest of B & A) / story (Ma.) /u/ u suc, dues rule   IPA Suprasegmentals Phoneme B A Examples English approximation Ib. Ma. Mi. ˈ ˈ Aina [ˈainə] (B) / [ˈaina] (A) primary stress ˌ ˌ Bellver [ˌbeʎˈvə] (B) / [ˌbelˈve] (A) secondary stress . . Badia [bəˈði.ə] (B) / [baði.a] (A) syllable break ː ː Gemma [ˈʒemːə] (B) / [ˈdʒemːa] (A) long vowel / consonant IPA Other representations ( ) ( ) Camps [ˈkam(p)s] (B / A) optional sound

Comparison between dialects

List of sound variation by dialect. There are probably many mistakes, it needs to be checked with sources and references.

IPA		Dialect
		Continental Eastern (Central and Northern)				Eastern Insularic				North- western	Southern
Broad	Narrow	Barcelona Area	Girona Area	Tarragona Area	Perpignan Area	Ibiza Area	Majorca Area	Minorca Area	Alghero Area	Lleida Area	Castellon Area	Valencia Area	Xativa–Denia Area	Alicante Area
Consonants
/b/	[b], [β]	b, β	b, β	b, β	b, β	b	b	b	b	b, β	b	b, β	b	b
/d/	[d], [ð]	d, ð	d, ð	d, ð	d, ð	d, ð	d, ð	d, ð	d	d, ð	d, ð	d, ð	d, ð	d, ð
/dz/	[ddz], [z]	ddz	ddz	ddz	ddz	ddz	ddz	ddz	ddz	ddz	ddz, z	tts, s	ddz, z	ddz, z
/dʒ/	[dʒ], [ddʒ]	ddʒ, dʒ	ddʒ, dʒ	ddʒ, dʒ	ddʒ, dʒ	ddʒ, dʒ	ddʒ, dʒ	ddʒ, dʒ	ddʒ, dʒ	ddʒ, dʒ	dʒ, ʒ	tʃ, ttʃ	dʒ, ddʒ	dʒ, ddʒ
/f/	[f]	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f
/ɡ/	[ɡ], [ɣ]	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ	ɡ, ɣ
/j/	[j]	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j
/k/	[k], [c]	k	k	k	k	k	k, c	k, c	k, c	k	k	k	k	k
/l/	[l], [ɫ]	ɫ	ɫ	ɫ	ɫ	ɫ	ɫ	ɫ	l	ɫ	l, ɫ	l, ɫ	l, ɫ	l, ɫ
/m/	[m]	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
/n/	[n], [n]	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n
/p/	[p]	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p
/r/	[r]	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	r
/s/	[s]	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s

Cases where /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are found in Western Catalan

/ɛ/
Context		Examples	Remarks
In words that have an i or a u in the following syllable		col·legi, exèrcit, èxit, incendi, inèdit, neci, obsequi, misteri, ciència, innocència, paciència; cèl·lula, fècula, ingenu, molècula, perpetu, pèrdua	but not in Dénia, església, sépia, séquia, sénia
Before	simple or geminated l	arrel, cel, gel, melsa, tela; cel·la, novel·la	but not in feltre, delta, selva
	rr	esquerra, ferro, gerra, guerra, serra, terra
	r followed by consonants, except labials and velars	cert, gerd, perdre, perla, hivern, verd, vèrtex, dispers, perxa
In the majority of proparoxytones and learned terms		anècdota, èxtasi, gènesi, gènere; pètal, telègraf, recte, verb	but not in llémena, témpores, nor the feminines cérvola, feréstega, llépola
In some words with the diphthong eu		deu, fideu, peu, preu, museu
In some words with the group -ndr-		cendra, divendres, gendre, tendre
Others		the proper names Josep, Vicent or the numeral set
/ɔ/
Context		Examples	Remarks
In words that have an i or a u in the following syllable (generally cultivated terms)		Antoni, bibliòfil, custòdia, elogi, lògica; còmput, cònjuge, Corpus, mòdul	but not in fórmula
When forms a falling diphthong		Alcoi, boira, heroi, bou, dijous, nou, ou, prou, in the forms with the accent in the radical of verbs cloure, coure, moure, ploure	but not in the verbal forms sou, fou, and words like jou, pou, tou
In the majority of proparoxytone words and learned terms		còmode, nòmada, òrfena, pròrroga, anòmal, autònom, hidrogen, pròleg	but not in pólvora, tómbola, tórtora, estómac, furóncol; dogma, forma
In the neutral pronouns and monosyllabic ending in -o		açò, això and allò; bo, do, pro, so, to, tro	but not in no and, with variations between dialects, in jo
In some words ending in -os and -osa		arròs, cos, espòs, gros, os, repòs, terròs, tros; cosa, nosa, rosa
In some words in which the vowel is followed of a consonantic group with r or l		amorf, cobra, corda, força, forja, orfe, mort, port, porta, moble, poble, record, the forms with the accent in the radical of verbs like obrir (obri), omplir (ompli), dormir (dorm), etc.
In some words ending in:	-oc, -oca	albercoc, foc, groc, lloca, oca, roca, xoc	but not in boc, boca
	-ofa	carxofa, estrofa
	-oig, -oja	boig, roig, boja, roja	but not in estoig
	-ol, -ola	bunyol, consol, dol, escola, pistola, cassola, escarola, sola, vol	but not in gola, bola, cola
	-ossa	brossa, crossa	but not in bossa, gossa, ossa, rossa
	-ost, -osta	cost, impost, pressupost, rebost, costa, posta	but not in agost, congost, most, llagosta
	-ot, -ota	clot, dot, got, ninot, cabota, granota, nota, pilota, pota	but not in bot, brot, mot, nebot, tot
In other terms, many of which are monosyllabic or have the stress on the first syllable		cor, dona, flor, nota, prova, plor, rosa, roda, or in forms with the accent in the radical of verbs like constar (consta), llogar (lloga), robar (roba), tocar (toca), trobar (troba), volar (vola), etc.

General spelling pattern and pronunciation

Consonants Spelling Catalan Valencian Example b /b/ barra c /k/, /s/ casa, cent ç /s/ açò d /d/ dama e /f/ fusta g /ɡ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/ /ɡ/, /d͡ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/ gana, gel, mig h ∅ ham j /ʒ/ /d͡ʒ/, /j/ jocs, ja k /k/ kurd l /l/ lira m /m/ mal n /n/ nas p /p/ peu q /k/ quart r /r/, /ɾ/, ∅ /r/, /ɾ/ ram, mare, ser s /s/, /z/ sac, casa t /t/ temps v /b/ or /v/ /v/ vaca w /w/, /b/ or /v/, /w/, /v/ western, watt x /ʃ/, /ks/, /ɡz/ /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/, /ks/, /ɡz/ xiular, ix, fixar, examen y /j/, /i/ yuppie, lady z /z/ zona   Main digraphs and letter combinations Spelling Catalan Valencian Example gu /ɡw/, /ɡu/, /ɡ/ guant, agut, guia ig /t͡ʃ/, /it͡ʃ/ raig, fastig ix /ʃ/, /iʃ/ /jʃ/, /iʃ/ feix, reïx ll /ʎ/ brolla ŀl /lː/ col·legi ny /ɲ/ senyal qu /kw/, /k/ quan, perquè rr /r/ garra ss /s/ bossa tg /d͡ʒ/ fetge tj viatjar tl(l) /ʎː/ /lː/ guatl(l)a tll /ʎ/ bitllet ts /t͡s/ potser tx /t͡ʃ/ cotxe tz /d͡z/ /d͡z/, /z/ dotze, utilitzar

Vowels Spelling Catalan Valencian Example a /a/, /ə/ /a/ mar, amar à /a/ mà e /ɛ/, /e/, /ə/ /ɛ/, /e/ set, anell, anelles è /ɛ/ /ɛ/, /e/ èxit, què é /e/ séc i /i/, /j/ fia, feia í /i/ veí ï /i/ raïm, veïnat o /ɔ/, /o/, /u/, /w/ /ɔ/, /o/ soc, molt, socors, oasi ò /ɔ/ mòlt ó /o/ dóna u /u/, /w/ suc, creuar, suquet, creua ú /u/ ús ü /u/, /w/ reüll, pingüí, reüllar, egües

Spelling patterns and pronunciation [in Catalan and Valencian] (in-depth)

Consonants and combinations of consonant letters
Spelling		Main values (IPA)		Examples	Other values (IPA)		Examples
		Cat. (IEC)	Va. (AVL)		Cat. (IEC)	Va. (AVL)
b	initially and medially (elsewhere)	/b/		blau, roba	—		—
	medially before a lateral	/bː/	/b/	poble	—		—
	medially before a nasal	/mː/		submarins	—		—
		/nː/		obnoxi	—		—
	medially before a voiceless cons.	/p/		absolut	—		—
	finally			cub	Ø	Ø	amb
						/p/	tomb
bb		/bː/		abbàssida	/b/		lobby
bh		/b/		subhasta	—		—
bs		/ps/		abstracte	—		—
bv		/bː/	/bv/	obvietat	—		—
ç	final before vowels or a voiced cons.	/z/		feliçment	—		—
	elsewhere	/s/		açò	—		—
c	before e, i			ciri	—		—
	initially and medially (elsewhere)	/k/		casa	—		—
	finally			rec	Ø	/k/	banc
	medially before a voiced cons.	/ɡ/		ècdisi	—		—
	medially before a nasal	/ŋ/		tècnics	—		—
cc	before e, i	/ks/		acció	—		—
*ch (old form and loanwords)		/k/		Lluch	/ʃ/		quiche
					/x/		Bach
cht (in loanwords)		/t/		yacht	—		—
ck (in loanwords)		/k/		hacker	—		—
cks (in loanwords)		/ks/		snacks	—		—
cs				dacsa	—		—
ct	initially	/t/		ctònic	—		—
	medially	/kt/		acte	—		—
cz	before e, i	/gz/		èczema	—		—
d	initially and medially	/d/		dolç, cada	—		—
	finally	/t/		sord	Ø	/t/	rotund
dd		/dː/		adduir	—		—
dg	before e, i	/dʒ/	/dd͡ʒ/	pidgin	—		—
		/t͡ʃ/		bridge	—		—
	elsewhere	/dɡ/		Edgar	—		—
dh		/d/		adhesiu	—		—
dj		/dʒ/	/dd͡ʒ/	adjunt	—		—
dm		/dm/		cadmi	—		—
dn		/dn/		adnat	—		—
ds		/t͡s/		adscriure	—		—
dv		/db/	/dv/	ludvígia	—		—
f	medially before a voiced cons.	/v/		hafni	—		—
	elsewhere	/f/		fars	—		—
ff (in loanwords)		/fː/		affidavit	/f/		office
fh		/f/		sulfhídric	—		—
g	before e, i	/ʒ/	/d͡ʒ/	gens	/ʃ/		collage
	initially and medially (elsewhere)	/ɡ/		gana, àgab	—		—
	medially before a lateral	/ɡː/	/ɡ/	regla	—		—
	medially and finally after i (see ig)	/t͡ʃ/		mig	/ɡ/		amígdala
		/d͡ʒ/		migdia
	finally	/k/		reg	Ø	/k/	sang
gg	before e, i	/ʒː/	/d͡ʒ/	suggerir	—		—
	elsewhere	/ɡː/		burggravi	/ɡ/		ziggurat
gh		/ɡ/		oghuz	—		—
ght		/t/		light	—		—
gm		/ŋm/		estigma	—		—
gn	initially	/n/		gnom	—		—
	medially	/ŋn/		cigne	—		—
h		Ø		hivern	/h/		hàmster
j		/ʒ/	/d͡ʒ/	jocs	/ʒ/	/j/	ja
					/x/		jota (d.)
k (in loanwords)		/k/		kiwi	Ø		knock-out
kh (in loanwords)		/x/		abkhaz	—		—
ks (in loanwords)		/ks/		quarks	—		—
l		/l/		laca	/l/	Ø	altre
ll		/ʎ/		llac, cella, ell	/ʎ/	/l/	estrel(l)a
					/l/		ballet
					/lː/		allegro
ŀl		/lː/		ceŀla	—		—
lh		/l/		alhora	—		—
m	initially and finally	/m/		mut, em	—		—
	before f or v	/ɱ/		limfa, tramvia	—		—
mn	initially	/n/		mnemòtic	—		—
	medially	/mn/		somni	—		—
mm		/mː/		immens	—		—
mh		/m/		amhàric	—		—
n	initially and finally	/n/		nou, ens	—		—
	before f or v	/ɱ/		canvi (Va.), ínfim	—		—
	before a palatal cons.	/ɲ/		menja, àngel	—		—
	before a velar cons.	/ŋ/		vincle, fang	—		—
nn		/nː/		innat	—		—
ng (in loanwords)		/ŋ/		víking	—		—
nh		/n/		anhel	/nh/		skinhead
					/ɲ/		caipirinha
nm		/mː/		enmig	—		—
ny		/ɲ/		any	—		—
p	initially and finally	/p/		pont, cup	Ø	/p/	camp
	before a voiced cons.	/b/		capbaix	—		—
	before a nasal	/mː/		capmàs	—		—
pp		/pː/		proppassat	/p/		hippy
ph (in compounds and classical terms)		/p/		caphuitada (Va.)	/f/		pholis
pn	initially	/n/		pneuma	—		—
	medially	/bn/		apnea	—		—
ps	initially	/s/		psicòleg	—		—
	medially	/ps/		capsa	—		—
pt	initially	/t/		ptilosi	—		—
	medially	/pt/		apte	/t/		comptar
q (see qu)		/k/		Qatar	—		—
r	initially	/r/		ratolí	—		—
	medially after l, n, s			folro	—		—
	medially elsewhere	/ɾ/		però	/r/		infraroig
	finally			mar	Ø	Ø	dimarts
						/ɾ/	córrer
rr		/r/		marró	—		—
rh	initially			rhodesià	—		—
	medially	/ɾ/		superhome	/ɾh/		dírham
s	initially	/s/		sac	/z/		—
	medially next to a cons.			estimar			esma
	after a nasal			institut			trànsit
	elsewhere between two vowels	/z/		rosa	/s/		contrasenya
	finally	/s/		dins, repòs	/ʃ/		ells
sc	before e, i			ascens			crescendo
	elsewhere	/sk/		escriure	—		—
sch (in loanwords)		/ʃ/		jiddisch	—		—
		/sk/		scherzo	—		—
sh (in compounds and loanwords)		/z/		deshora	/ʃ/		sushi
					/ʒ/		flashback
ss		/s/		rossa	—		—
-st		/st/		est	/t/	/st/	aquest
sx		/(s)ʃ/	/st͡ʃ/	desxifrat	—		—
t	initially and medially	/t/		tamís	—		—
	finally			sort	Ø	/t/	font
tt		/tː/		posttònic	/t/		dittografia
tb (in loanwords)		/db/		futbol	—		—
tg	before e, i	/d͡ʒ/		fetge	—		—
th (in compounds and loanwords)		/t/		tothom	/θ/		theta
					/th/		apartheid
tj		/d͡ʒ/		mitjà	—		—
tl		—	/lː/	vetl(l)a	/dl/		atles
tll		/ʎː/	—		/ʎː/	/ʎ/	bitllet
tm	initially	/m/		tmesi	—		—
	medially	/mː/		sotmetre	/dm/		ritme
tn		/nː/		cotna	/dn/		ètnic
tch (in loanwords)		/t͡ʃ/		sketch	—		—
tsch (in loanwords)				kitsch	—		—
ts	initially	/t͡s/		tsar	—		—
	medially and finally			potser, bits	—		—
tx		/t͡ʃ/		cotxe	—		—
tz		/d͡z/		dotze	/d͡z/	/z/	utilitzar
		/t͡s/		hertz	—		—
v	initially and medially	/b/	/v/	vila	—		—
	finally	/p/	/f/	salv	/f/		leitmotiv
w (in loanwords)		/w/		western	/b/	/v/	watt
wh (in loanwords)				whisky	—		—
x	initially	/ʃ/	/t͡ʃ/	xiular	/ʃ/		Xixona
	next to a voiceless cons.	/ks/		expert	—		—
	medially elsewhere	/ɡz/		examen	/ks/		fixar
	medially and finally after i (see ix)	/ʃ/		guix			mix
		/ʒ/		guix verd	—		—
	finally	/ks/		índex	—		—
xc	before e, i			excel·lent	—		—
	elsewhere	/(k)sk/		excavar	—		—
xh		/gz/		exhaust	—		—
xs		/ks/		exsudar	—		—
-xt		/(k)st/		text	—		—
y		/j/		yuppie	—		—
		/i/		husky	/ai̯/		bypass
z	elsewhere	/z/		zona	—		—
	finally	/s/		brunz	—		—
zz		/t͡s/		pizza	—		—
		/s/		jazz	—		—
Vowels and combinations of vowel letters
Spelling		Main values (IPA)		Examples	Other values (IPA)		Examples
		Cat. (IEC)	Va. (AVL)		Cat. (IEC)	Va. (AVL)
a, à, â	stressed position	/a/	/a/	arc, àtom, pâ (Va.)	/ei̯/	/ei̯/	lady
					/ɔ/	yacht
	unstressed position	/ə/		anís, mitja	/a/		allegretto
					/ə/	/ɛ ~ ɔ/	terra, dona
						/e/	artista (m.)
					Ø		mitja hora
	unstressed position (in contact with rhotics)	Ø		barana	/e/		software
aa	stressed position	/əˈa/	/aˈa/	Isaac	—		—
	unstressed position	/əː/	/aː/	aalenià	—		—
ae	stressed position (open)	/əˈɛ/	/aˈɛ/	aeri	—		—
	stressed position (closed)	/əˈe/	/aˈe/	graella	—		—
	unstressed position	/əe/	/ae/	aeròbic	/i/		reggae
					/ai̯/		taekwondo
aé		/əˈe/	/aˈe/	tacaé	—		—
ai	stressed position	/ai̯/	/ai̯/	aigua	/e/		affaire
					/ei̯/		container
	unstressed position	/əi̯/		airós	—		—
aï	stressed position	/əˈi/	/aˈi/	raïm	—		—
	unstressed position	/ə.i/	/a.i/	aïllat	—		—
aí		/əˈi/	/aˈi/	país	—		—
ao		/au/	/ao/	caos	—		—
		/əˈo/	/aˈo/	graons	—		—
aó				raó	—		—
au	stressed position	/au̯/	/au̯/	caus	—		—
	unstressed position	/əu̯/		haurà	—		—
aü	stressed position	/əˈu/	/aˈu/	taüt	—		—
	unstressed position	/ə.u/	/a.u/	aüllar	—		—
aú		/əˈu/	/aˈu/	Esaú	—		—
e, é, è	stressed position (open/closed)	/ɛ/		dens, èxit	/ɛ/	/e/	alè/alé, què
	stressed position (closed/open)	/e/		ella, bé
	stressed position (closed)	—		—	/i/		reggae
	unstressed position	/ə/	/e/	en, rere	/e/		ídem
					/ə/	/a/	espill
						/i/	naixement
					/i/		reality
					Ø		fanzines
							no el té
	unstressed position (in contact with rhotics)	Ø	/e/	veritat	—		—
ea	stressed position	/eˈa/		crear	/i/		beat
		/e(i̯)ə/	/ea/	idea	—		—
	unstressed position	/eə/		àrea	—		—
eà		/eˈa/		oceà	—		—
ee	stressed position	/əˈɛ/	/eˈe/	creença	/i/		jeep
		/e(i̯)ə/	/eː/	idees	—		—
	unstressed position	/eə/		àrees	—		—
		/əː/		reeixir	—		—
ei	stressed position (open/closed)	/ɛi̯/		oleic	/ɛi̯/	/ei̯/	remei
	stressed position (closed/open)	/ei̯/	/ei̯/	reina
	unstressed position	/əi̯/		eivissenc	—		—
eï	stressed position	/əˈi/	/eˈi/	obeït	—		—
	unstressed position	/ə.i/	/e.i/	veïnat	—		—
eo	stressed position (open)	/əˈɔ/	/eˈɔ/	beoci	—		—
	stressed position (closed)	/əˈo/	/eˈo/	eons	—		—
	unstressed position	/əu/	/eo/	teoria	/eo/		vídeo
eò		/əˈɔ/	/eˈɔ/	eòlic	—		—
eu	stressed position (open)	/ɛu̯/		peu	—		—
	stressed position (closed)	/eu̯/	/eu̯/	seu	/e/		amateur
	unstressed position	/əu̯/		europea	—		—
eü		/əˈu/	/eˈu/	peüc	—		—
i, í, ï	stressed position	/i/		illa, ací	/ai̯/		copyright
					/ɛ/		birdie
	unstressed position				Ø		business
	after vowels (hiatus)	/ˈi/		naïf	—		—
	after vowels (unstressed position)	/i̯/		creies	—		—
ia	stressed position	/i̯a/	/i̯a/	iaio	—		—
	unstressed position	/i̯ə/		veia	—		—
ie	stressed position	/i̯e/	/i̯e/	veient (Cat.)	/i/		briefing
	unstressed position	/i̯ə/		feien	—		—
ii		/iː/		xiisme	—		—
iï		/iˈi/		xiïta	—		—
io	stressed position (open)	/i̯ɔ/		iode	—		—
	stressed position (closed)	/i̯o/	/i̯o/	io-io	—		—
	unstressed position	/i̯u/		iogurt	—		—
iu		/i̯u/		iuguslau	—		—
o, ó, ò	stressed position (open)	/ɔ/		bo, allò	—		—
	stressed position (closed)	/o/	/o/	mot, ós	—		—
	unstressed position	/u/		ferro	/o/		ego
					/u/		cobert
					/u̯/		posa-ho
oa	stressed position	/uˈa/	/oˈa/	poal	/ou̯/		coach
		/oə/	/oa/	quinoa	/o/		snowboard
	unstressed position	/uə/		lloador	—		—
oe	stressed position (open/closed)	/uˈɛ/	/oˈe/	coet	—		—
	stressed position (closed)	/uˈe/		poeta	—		—
	unstressed position	/uə/	/oe/	àloe	—		—
oi (see ix)	stressed position (open)	/ɔi̯/		boira	/u̯a/		foie
	stressed position (closed)	—	/oi̯/	coix	—		—
	unstressed position	/ui̯/		joiós	/uə/	/ua/	croissant
oï		/uˈi/	/oˈi/	roïns	—		—
oo		/oː/		zoo	/u/		zoom
		/uˈo/	/oˈo/	microones	—		—
ou	stressed position (open)	/ɔu̯/		bou	/au̯/		cloud
					/ɔ/		final four
	stressed position (closed)	/ou̯/	/ou̯/	sou (v.)	/u/		tour
					/w/		ouija
	unstressed position	/ɵu̯/		clourà	—		—
u, ú, ü	stressed position	/u/		tu, ús	/i/		business
					/y/		déjà vu
					/a/		punk
					/i̯u/		Utah
					/ɛ/		return
	after vowels (hiatus)	/ˈu/		reüll	—		—
	after vowels (unstressed position)	/u̯/		creua	—		—
ua	stressed position	/uˈa/		suat	—		—
	unstressed position	/uə/	/ua/	cua	—		—
ue	stressed position (open)	/uˈɛ/	/uˈɛ/	duel	/u/		blues
					/y/		fondue
	stressed position (open/closed)		/uˈe/	fuet	—		—
	unstressed position	/uə/	/ue/	duen	—		—
ui		/ui̯/	/ui̯/ (in. /u̯i/)	buit	—		—
uï		/uˈi/		fluït	—		—
uo	stressed position (open)	/uˈɔ/		cuot	—		—
	stressed position (closed)	/uˈo/		suor	—		—
	unstressed position	/uː/	—	suo	/uo/		duo
uu			/uː/	lluu	—		—
Combinations of vowel and consonant letters
Spelling		Main values (IPA)		Examples	Other values (IPA)		Examples
		Cat. (IEC)	Va. (AVL)		Cat. (IEC)	Va. (AVL
aha		/əː/	/aː/	bahamià	—		—
ahe		/əe/	/ae/	sahelians	—		—
ahi		/əi/	/ai/	Tahití	—		—
aho		/əˈo/	/aˈo/	Mahoma	—		—
		/əu/	/ao/	mahometà	—		—
ahu			/au/	infrahumans	—		—
aw (in loanwords)		/ɔ/		Law	—		—
ay (old form and loanwords)		/ai̯/		faraday	—		—
		/ei̯/		play	—		—
ci (in loanwords)		/t͡ʃ/		ciao	—		—
cci (in loanwords)				carpaccio	—		—
dqu	before e, i	/tk/		adquirir	—		—
ehe		/əː/	/eː/	vehement	—		—
ehi		/əˈi/	/eˈi/	vehicle	—		—
ew (in loanwords)		/iu̯/		newton	—		—
ey (old form and loanwords)		/ei̯/		keynesià	/i/		bogey
gi (in loanwords)		/d͡ʒ/		adagio	—		—
ggi (in loanwords)				appoggiatura	—		—
gu	before a, o	/ɡw/		guant	—		—
	before a cons.	/ɡu/		agut	—		—
	before e, i	/ɡ/		guitza	—		—
gü		/ɡw/		pingüí	—		—
ihi		/iː/		anihilar	—		—
ig	finally	/t͡ʃ/		reig	—		—
		/it͡ʃ/		mig	—		—
	before a vowel or voiced cons.	/d͡ʒ/		reig blanc	—		—
		/id͡ʒ/		migdia	—		—
ix	finally	/ʃ/	/i̯ʃ/	coix	—		—
		/iʃ/		guix	—		—
	before a vowel or voiced cons.	/ʒ/	/i̯ʒ/	coix i cec	—		—
		/iʒ/		guix verd	—		—
ïx	finally	/iʃ/		reïx	—		—
	before a vowel or voiced cons.	/iʒ/		reïx bé	—		—
oha		/uə/	/oa/	cohabitar	—		—
ohe			/oe/	cohesió	—		—
ohi		/ui/	/oi/	prohibir	—		—
oho		/uˈɔ/	/oˈɔ/	alcohol	—		—
ow (in loanwords)		/ou̯/		flow	—		—
		/au̯/		cowboy	—		—
oy (old form and loanwords)		/ɔi̯/		Roy	—		—
qu	before a, o	/kw/		quan	—		—
	before e, i	/k/		quina	—		—
qü		/kw/		qüestió	—		—