User:Bunnydew15/sandbox

Article Evaluation

October 17, 2017

Today, I reviewed several articles on Wikipedia including Public health, Sugar substitute (there was a broken link, which I proceeded to remove), and Vietnamese tuberculosis.

In regards to tobacco, I read Tobacco industry, Tobacco advertising, History of Tobacco, History of commercial tobacco in the United States, and Tobacco Institute. Generally speaking, the information was presented in a neutral and informative manner, although some articles were lacking in citations, such as the introduction of Tobacco industry. As topics got more specific, the articles became less detailed and also shorter. I was surprised that these articles did not emphasize the role of public relations and the planting of doubt in the tobacco industry's advertising history, as this was an important topic that we addressed in class and can be described at length. I also noticed that when I had searched Tobacco Industry Research Council (TIRC), I was redirected to the Tobacco institute page, which was not entirely the same as the TIRC. It was mentioned on the Talk page of the article that a separate article should be made for the TIRC, but it was never created.

The next topic I looked at was climate change, including climate change, global warming, media coverage of climate change, climate change denial, global warming controversy, scientific opinion on climate change, public opinion on climate change, politics of global warming, and economics of global warming. The global warming page states many times that the scientific community is mostly in consensus that global warming is human caused (linking to the scientific opinion on climate change article); while it is not biased, it may seem that way to a climate-change denier since it does little but mention that a controversy exists concerning climate change. This page cites many scientific studies concerning climate change from reputable scientific journals. I found the talk page of the article particularly interesting because several of the questions come from those uncertain about global warming. These questions include: "Did global warming end in 1998," "Isn't global warming 'just a theory,'" and "Do scientists support global warming just to get more money?" These questions were quickly answered with "no" followed by an explanation. Media coverage of climate change cites several scientific articles in which authors say there is media distortion of climate information. For example, "According to Peter J. Jacques et al., the mainstream news media of the United States is an example of the effectiveness of environmental skepticism as a tactic." These articles in general seem to emphasize the difference between the scientific opinion and the public opinions about climate change, making a clear distinction between the two (seen as well by their separate wikipedia pages). I was surprised by the lack of recent additions to these pages regarding U.S. President Trump's actions against environmental protection, although they are mentioned in pages regarding his presidency. I was also pleasantly surprised that on the talk page of the economics of global warming, there were several comments made by experts who had published articles on the topic about how to revise the page.

Content Gap

Content gaps may arise because there are so many topics that could be discussed within a topic that the author of the original page did not realize the wealth of information available on a topic that he/she mentioned once or twice. A way to identify content gaps is to read other sources on the topic and take note of the subtopics addressed in those sources. It should not matter who writes Wikipedia, because all authors should write in an unbiased manner and present information that is supported by widespread evidence. This is similar to my personal definition of "bias" in that personal opinion should not obscure what research and concrete evidence declares to be true.

Article Edits

Terminal Illness (link)

Ideas for changes

The Terminal Illness article currently has 3 sections: Management, Refusal of Food and Hydration, and Dying. Under Management, there is only one subsection called Caregiving, so I could create more subsections with other options that terminal patients may elect to do such as continued treatment to extend life, physician-assisted suicide, or hospice care. The caregiving section could also have another subsection regarding issues with opioids and painkillers for terminal patients. There could also be a section on typical living conditions for terminally ill patients, with sections describing life in a hospital, at home, or in a palliative care center. I don't believe the Refusal of Food and Hydration section is necessary for this article (seems like more of an aside), so I would take this out or move it within a different section, possibly one focused on lifestyle. I believe another section about government policies and insurance regarding end-of-life care should be included in this article as well. Additionally it would be interesting to include statistics regarding terminal illness patients from a medical point of view and how it relates to healthcare spending, doctor to patient relationships, and doctors' predictions about how long patients will live. I think it would also be worth to include a section on advance directives and living wills; also it should include possible emotions that the terminal patient may go through, such as death anxiety. Finally, including a section about how terminal illness affects caregivers could be interesting, especially in the case of pediatric terminal illness. Under the Dying section, I would add more logistical details about how people choose to die (whether or not to be resuscitated, whether or not to take drastic measures to save, whether or not to choose physician-assisted suicide, etc.).

Bibliography

Advance Directives

Opioid Prescriptions for Terminal Patients

End of life in the Emergency Department

Palliative Care and Public Health

American Cancer Society FAQs (advance directive and living will info)

Perspectives on End of Life (see discussion; add to dying section)

DNR (see Table 2)

Mortality Predictions (see discussion)

End-of-life psychology

Recommendations for improving end-of-life

Effects of advanced care planning (beneficial)

Quaternary Prevention (link)

Ideas for changes

I believe that the sections and subsections of this article were well-chosen, but there are many details that could be filled in. For example, under Intervention types, the "diagnostic cascade" and "therapeutical cascade" are not well-explained. Additionally, many of the suggestions listed under Activities need more citations (and several of the ones that do have citations are broken links) and explanations, in fact each of these activities could be made into subsections. As an aside, the sentence structure in the Concept section is rather primitive and could be edited to flow more smoothly.

Bibliography

Quaternary prevention description and explanation

Prevention

Hormone replacement therapy during menopause

Evidence-based medicine

Narrative-based medicine

Terminal Illness Copy-Edit

10/26/17 Edit: Grammar and Flow

Notes on things to change: (1) Caregivers section should be expanded and elaborated on; (2) management section can be expanded in regards to steps patients take (with additional citations); (3) dying section needs to be fixed

Terminal illness is an incurable disease that cannot be adequately treated and is reasonably expected to result in the death of the patient within a relatively short period of time. This term is more commonly used for progressive diseases such as cancer or advanced heart disease than for trauma. In popular use, it indicates a disease that will soon progress until death with near absolute certainty, regardless of treatment.

A patient who has such an illness may be referred to as a terminal patient, terminally ill or simply terminal. Often, a patient is considered terminally ill when his or her estimated life expectancy is six months or less, under the assumption that the disease will run its normal course. The six-month standard is arbitrary, and best available estimates of longevity may be incorrect. Though a given patient may properly be considered terminal, this is not a guarantee that the patient will die within six months. Similarly, a patient with a slowly progressing disease, such as AIDS, may not be considered terminally ill because the best estimates of longevity are greater than six months. However, this does not guarantee that the patient will not die unexpectedly early. In general, physicians slightly overestimate the survival time of terminally ill cancer patients, so that, for example, a person who is expected to live for about six weeks would likely die around four weeks.

Management

Main article: End-of-life care

By definition, there is no cure or adequate treatment for terminal illnesses. However, some kinds of medical treatments may be appropriate depending on the situation, such as treatment to reduce pain or ease breathing.

Some terminally ill patients choose to stop all debilitating treatments to reduce unwanted side effects. Others continue aggressive treatment in hope of an unexpected success. Still others reject conventional medical treatment and pursue unproven treatments such as radical dietary modifications. Patients' choices about different treatments may change over time.

Palliative care is normally offered to terminally ill patients, regardless of their overall disease management style, if it seems likely to help them manage symptoms such as pain and improve quality of life. Hospice care, which can be provided at home or in a long-term care facility, additionally provides emotional and spiritual support for the patient and loved ones. Some alternative medicine approaches, such as relaxation therapy, massage, and acupuncture may relieve some symptoms and other causes of suffering.

Caregiving

Terminal patients often need a caregiver, who could be a nurse, licensed practical nurse or a family member. Caregivers can help patients receive medications to reduce pain and to control symptoms of nausea or vomiting. They can also assist the individual with daily living activities and movement. Caregivers provide assistance with food and psychological support and ensure that the individual is comfortable.

The patient's family may have questions and most caregivers can provide information to help ease the mind. Doctors generally do not provide estimates in fear of instilling false hopes or obliterating hope completely. In most cases, caregivers works along with physicians and follows professional instructions. Caregivers may call the physician or a nurse if the patient:

• experiences excessive pain.
• is in distress or having difficulty breathing.
• has difficulty passing urine or is constipated.
• has fallen and appears hurt.
• is depressed and wants to harm himself or herself.
• refuses to take prescribed medications, raising ethical concerns best addressed by a person with more extensive formal training.
• or if the caregiver does not know how to handle the situation.

Most caregivers become the patient's listeners and let the individual express fears and concerns without judgment. Caregivers reassure the patient and honor all advance directives. They respect the individual's need for privacy and usually hold all information confidential.

Refusal of nutrition and hydration

People who feel they are near the end of their life often refuse food and/or water. Published studies indicate that "within the context of adequate palliative care, the refusal of food and fluids does not contribute to suffering among the terminally ill", and might actually contribute to a comfortable passage from life: "At least for some persons, starvation does correlate with reported euphoria."

Dying

Patients, healthcare workers, and recently bereaved family members often describe a "good death" in terms of effective choices made in a few areas:

• Assurance of effective pain and symptom management.
• Education about death and its aftermath, especially as it relates to decision-making.
• Completion of any significant goals, such as resolving past conflicts.

People who are terminally ill may not always follow recognizable stages of grief. For example, a person who finds strength in denial may never reach a point of acceptance or accommodation and may react negatively to any statement that threatens this defense mechanism. Other people find comfort in arranging their financial and legal affairs or planning their funerals.

Proposed Outline for Terminal Illness Article (Updated 11/1/17)

• Management
  • Caregiving
    • Opioids and Painkillers
  • Continued treatment
  • Hospice care
  • Physician-assisted suicide
• Medical Care
  • Doctor-to-patient relationships
  • Mortality predictions
  • Healthcare spending
• Lifestyle
  • Refusal of Food and Hydration
• Psychological Impact
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Coping
  • Impact on caregivers
• Dying
  • Advance directives and living wills
  • Do not resuscitate
  • "Good death"

Terminal illness copy-edit

Terminal illness is an incurable disease that cannot be adequately treated and is reasonably expected to result in the death of the patient within a short period of time. This term is more commonly used for progressive diseases such as cancer or advanced heart disease than for trauma. In popular use, it indicates a disease that will soon progress until death with near absolute certainty, regardless of treatment. A patient who has such an illness may be referred to as a terminal patient, terminally ill or simply terminal. There is no standardized life expectancy for a patient to be considered terminal, although it is generally months or less. Life expectancy for terminal patients is a rough estimate given by the physician based on previous data and does not always reflect true longevity.

Terminal patients have many options for disease management after diagnosis. Examples include caregiving, continued treatment, hospice care, and physician-assisted suicide. Decisions regarding management are made by the patient and his or her family, although medical professionals may give recommendations or more about the services available to terminal patients.

Lifestyle after diagnosis largely varies depending on management decisions and also the nature of the disease, and there may be living restrictions depending on the condition of the patient. Oftentimes, terminal patients may experience depression or anxiety associated with oncoming death, and family and caregivers may struggle with psychological burdens as well. Psychotherapeutic interventions may help alleviate some of these burdens, and is often incorporated in palliative care.

Because terminal patients are aware of their oncoming deaths, they have more time to prepare advance care planning, such as advance directives and living wills, which have been shown to improve end-of-life care. While death cannot be avoided, patients can still strive to die a good death.

Management

Main article: End-of-life care

By definition, there is no cure or adequate treatment for terminal illnesses. However, some kinds of medical treatments may be appropriate depending on the situation, such as treatment to reduce pain or ease breathing.

Some terminally ill patients choose to stop all debilitating treatments to reduce unwanted side effects. Others continue aggressive treatment in hope of an unexpected success. Still others reject conventional medical treatment and pursue unproven treatments such as radical dietary modifications. Patients' choices about different treatments may change over time.

Palliative care is normally offered to terminally ill patients, regardless of their overall disease management style, if it seems likely to help them manage symptoms such as pain and improve quality of life. Hospice care, which can be provided at home or in a long-term care facility, additionally provides emotional and spiritual support for the patient and loved ones. Some complementary approaches, such as relaxation therapy, music therapy, massage, and acupuncture may relieve some symptoms and other causes of suffering.

Caregiving

Terminal patients often need a caregiver, who could be a nurse, licensed practical nurse or a family member. Caregivers can help patients receive medications to reduce pain and control symptoms of nausea or vomiting. They can also assist the individual with daily living activities and movement. Caregivers provide assistance with food and psychological support and ensure that the individual is comfortable.

The patient's family may have questions and most caregivers can provide information to help ease the mind. Doctors generally do not provide estimates in fear of instilling false hopes or obliterating hope completely. In most cases, caregivers work along with physicians and follow professional instructions. Caregivers may call the physician or a nurse if the patient:

• experiences excessive pain.
• is in distress or having difficulty breathing.
• has difficulty passing urine or is constipated.
• has fallen and appears hurt.
• is depressed and wants to harm himself or herself.
• refuses to take prescribed medications, raising ethical concerns best addressed by a person with more extensive formal training.
• or if the caregiver does not know how to handle the situation.

Most caregivers become the patient's listeners and let the individual express fears and concerns without judgment. Caregivers reassure the patient and honor all advance directives. They respect the individual's need for privacy and usually hold all information confidential.

Palliative care

Palliative care focuses on addressing patients' needs after disease diagnosis. While palliative care is not disease treatment, it addresses patients' physical needs, such as pain management, offers emotional support, caring for the patient psychologically and spiritually, and helps patients build support systems that can help them get through difficult times. Palliative care can also help patients make decisions and come to understand what they want regarding their treatment goals and quality of life.

Palliative care has been proven to improve patients' quality-of-life and satisfaction and also help family members cope with their loved one's disease. Additionally, it lowers hospital admissions costs. However, needs for palliative care are often unmet whether due to lack of government support and also possible stigma associated with palliative care. For these reasons, the World Health Assembly recommends development of palliative care in health care systems.

Palliative care and hospice care are often confused, and they have similar goals. However, hospice care is specifically for terminal patients while palliative care is more general and offered to patients who are not necessarily terminal.

Hospice care

While hospitals focus on treating the disease, hospices focus on improving patient quality-of-life until death. A common misconception is that hospice care hastens death because patients "give up" fighting the disease. However, patients in hospice care often live the same length of time as patients in the hospital. A study of 3850 liver cancer patients found that patients who received hospice care and those who did not lived survived the same amount of time. In fact, a study of 3399 adult lung cancer patients showed that patients who received hospice care actually survived longer than those who did not. Additionally, in both of these studies, patients receiving hospice care had significantly lower healthcare expenditures.

Hospice care allows patients to spend more time with family and friends. Since patients are in the company of other hospice patients, they have an additional support network and can learn to cope together. Hospice patients are also able to live at peace away from a hospital setting; they may live at home with a hospice provider or at an inpatient hospice facility.

Medications for terminal patients

Terminal patients experiencing pain, especially cancer-related pain, are often prescribed opioids to relieve suffering. The specific medication prescribed, however, will differ depending on severity of pain and disease status.

There exist inequities in availability of opioids to terminal patients, especially in countries where opioid access is limited.

A common symptom that many terminal patients experience is dyspnea, or difficulty with breathing. To ease this symptom, doctors may also prescribe opioids to patients. Some studies suggest that oral opioids may help with breathlessness. However, due to lack of consistent reliable evidence, it is currently unclear whether they truly work for this purpose.

Depending on the patient's condition, other medications will be prescribed accordingly. For example, if patients develop depression, antidepressants will be prescribed. Anti-inflammation and anti-nausea medications may also be prescribed.

Continued treatment

Some terminal patients opt to continue extensive treatments in hope of a miracle cure, whether by participating in experimental treatments and clinical trials or seeking more intense treatment for the disease. Rather than to "give up fighting," patients spend thousands more dollars to try to prolong life by a few more months. What these often patients do give up, however, is quality of life at the end of life by undergoing intense and often uncomfortable treatment. A meta-analysis of 34 studies including 11,326 patients from 11 countries found that less than half of all terminal patients correctly understood their disease prognosis, or the course of their disease and likeliness of survival. This could influence patients to pursue unnecessary treatment for the disease due to unrealistic expectations.

Physician-assisted suicide

Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) is a highly controversial concept, only legal in a few countries. In PAS, physicians, with voluntary written and verbal consent from the patient, give patients the means to die, usually through lethal drugs. The patient then chooses to "die with dignity," deciding on his/her own time and place to die. Reasons as to why patients choose PAS differ. Factors that may play into a patient's decision include future disability and suffering, lack of control over death, impact on family, healthcare costs, insurance coverage, personal beliefs, religious beliefs, and much more.

PAS may be referred to in many different ways, such as aid in dying, assisted dying, death with dignity, and many more. These often depend on organization and the stance they take on the issue. In this section of the article, it will be referred to as PAS for the sake of consistency with the pre-existing Wikipedia page: Assisted Suicide.

In the United States, PAS or medical aid in dying is legal in select states, including Oregon, Washington, Montana, Vermont, and New Mexico, and there are groups both in favor of and against legalization.

Some groups favor PAS because they do not believe they will have control over their pain, because they believe they will be a burden on their family, and because they do not want to lose autonomy and control over their own lives among other reasons. They believe that allowing PAS is an act of compassion.

While some groups believe in personal choice over death, others raise concerns regarding insurance policies and potential for abuse. According to Sulmasy et al, the major non-religious arguments against physician assisted suicide are quoted as follows:

• "(1) “it offends me,” suicide devalues human life;
• (2) slippery slope, the limits on euthanasia gradually erode;
• (3) “pain can be alleviated,” palliative care and modern therapeutics more and more adequately manage pain;
• (4) physician integrity and patient trust, participating in suicide violates the integrity of the physician and undermines the trust patients place in physicians to heal and not to harm"

Again, there are also arguments that there are enough protections in the law that the slippery slope is avoided. For example, the Death with Dignity Act in Oregon includes waiting periods, multiple requests for lethal drugs, a psychiatric evaluation in the case of possible depression influencing decisions, and the patient personally swallowing the pills to ensure voluntary decision.

Physicians and medical professionals also have disagreeing views on PAS. Some groups, such as the American College of Physicians (ACP), the American Medical Association (AMA), the World Health Organization, American Nurses Association, Hospice Nurses Association, American Psychiatric Association, and more have issued position statements against its legalization.

The ACP's argument concerns the nature of the doctor-patient relationship and the tenets of the medical profession. They state that instead of using PAS to control death: "through high-quality care, effective communication, compassionate support, and the right resources, physicians can help patients control many aspects of how they live out life's last chapter."

Other groups such as the American Medical Students Association, the American Public Health Association, the American Medical Women’s Association, and more support PAS as an act of compassion for the suffering patient.

In many cases, the argument on PAS is also tied into proper palliative care. The International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care issued a position statement arguing against considering legalizing PAS unless comprehensive palliative care systems in the country were in place. It could be argued that with proper palliative care, the patient would experience fewer intolerable symptoms, physical or emotional, and would not choose death over these symptoms. Palliative care would also ensure that patients receive proper information about their disease prognosis as not to make decisions about PAS without complete and careful consideration.

Medical care

Many aspects of medical care are different for terminal patients compared to patients in the hospital for other reasons.

Doctor-patient relationships

Doctor-patient relationships are crucial in any medical setting, and especially so for terminal patients. There must be an inherent trust in the doctor to provide the best possible care for the patient. In the case of terminal illness, there is often ambiguity in communication with the patient about his/her condition. While terminal condition prognosis is often a grave matter, doctors do not wish to quash all hope, for it could unnecessarily harm the patient's mental state and have unintended consequences. However, being overly optimistic about outcomes can leave patients and families devastated when negative results arise, as is often the case with terminal illness.

Mortality predictions

Often, a patient is considered terminally ill when his or her estimated life expectancy is six months or less, under the assumption that the disease will run its normal course based on previous data from other patients. The six-month standard is arbitrary, and best available estimates of longevity may be incorrect. Though a given patient may properly be considered terminal, this is not a guarantee that the patient will die within six months. Similarly, a patient with a slowly progressing disease, such as AIDS, may not be considered terminally ill if the best estimate of longevity is greater than six months. However, this does not guarantee that the patient will not die unexpectedly early.

In general, physicians slightly overestimate the survival time of terminally ill cancer patients, so that, for example, a person who is expected to live for about six weeks would likely die around four weeks.

A recent systematic review on palliative patients in general, rather than specifically cancer patients, states the following: "Accuracy of categorical estimates in this systematic review ranged from 23% up to 78% and continuous estimates over-predicted actual survival by, potentially, a factor of two." There was no evidence that any specific type of clinician was better at making these predictions.

Healthcare spending

Healthcare during the last year of life is costly, especially for patients who used hospital services often during end-of-life.

In fact, according to Langton et al., there were "exponential increases in service use and costs as death approached."

Many dying terminal patients are also brought to the emergency department (ED) at the end of life when treatment is no longer beneficial, raising costs and using limited space in the ED.

While there are often claims about "disproportionate" spending of money and resources on end-of-life patients, data have not proven this type of correlation.

The cost of healthcare for end-of-life patients is 13% of annual healthcare spending in the U.S. However, of the group of patients with the highest healthcare spending, end-of-life patients only made up 11% of these people, meaning the most expensive spending is not made up mostly of terminal patients.

Many recent studies have shown that palliative care and hospice options as an alternative are much less expensive for end-of-life patients.

Psychological impact

Coping with impending death is a hard topic to digest universally. Patients may experience grief, fear, loneliness, depression, and anxiety among many other possible responses. Terminal illness can also lend patients to become more prone to psychological illness such as Depression and anxiety disorders. Insomnia is a common symptom of these.

It is important for loved ones to show their support for the patient during these times and to listen to the his or her concerns.

People who are terminally ill may not always come to accept their impending death. For example, a person who finds strength in denial may never reach a point of acceptance or accommodation and may react negatively to any statement that threatens this defense mechanism.

Impact on patient

Depression is relatively common among terminal patients, and the prevalence increases as patients become sicker. Depression causes quality of life to go down, and a sizable portion of patients who request assisted suicide are depressed. These negative emotions may be heightened by lack of sleep and pain as well. Depression can be treated with antidepressants and/or therapy, but doctors often do not realize the extent of terminal patients' depression.

Because depression is common among terminal patients, the American College of Physicians recommends regular assessments for depression for this population and appropriate prescription of antidepressants.

Anxiety disorders are also relatively common for terminal patients as they face their mortality. Patients may feel distressed when thinking about what the future may hold, especially when considering the future of their families as well. It is important to note, however, that some palliative medications may facilitate anxiety.

Coping for patients

Caregivers may listen to the concerns of terminal patients to help them reflect on their emotions. Different forms of psychotherapy and psychosocial intervention, which can be offered with palliative care, may also help patients think about and overcome their feelings. According to Block, "most terminally ill patients benefit from an approach that combines emotional support, flexibility, appreciation of the patient’s strengths, a warm and genuine relationship with the therapist, elements of life-review, and exploration of fears and concerns."

Impact on family

Terminal patients' families often also suffer psychological consequences. If not well equipped to face the reality of their loved one's illness, family members may develop depressive symptoms and even have increased mortality. Taking care of sick family members may also cause stress, grief, and worry. Additionally, financial burden from medical treatment may be a source of stress.

Coping for family

Discussing the anticipated loss and planning for the future may help family members accept and prepare for the patient's death. Interventions may also be offered for anticipatory grief. In the case of more serious consequences such as Depression, a more serious intervention or therapy is recommended.

Grief counseling and grief therapy may also be recommended for family members after a loved one's death.

Dying

When dying, patients often worry about their quality of life towards the end, including emotional and physical suffering.

In order for families and doctors to understand clearly what the patient wants for himself or herself, it is recommended that patients, doctors, and families all convene and discuss the patient's decisions before the patient becomes unable to decide.

Advance directives

At the end of life, especially when patients are unable to make decisions on their own regarding treatment, it is often up to family members and doctors to decide what they believe the patients would have wanted regarding their deaths, which is a heavy burden and hard for family members to predict. An estimated 25% of American adults have an advanced directive, meaning the majority of Americans leave these decisions to be made by family, which can lead to conflict and guilt. Although it may be a difficult subject to broach, it is important to discuss the patient's plans for how far to continue treatment should they become unable to decide. This must be done while the patient is still able to make the decisions, and takes the form of an advance directive. The advance directive should be updated regularly as the patient's condition changes so as to reflect the patient's wishes.

Some of the decisions that advance directives may address include receiving fluids and nutrition support, getting blood transfusions, receiving antibiotics, resuscitation (if the heart stops beating), and intubation (if the patient stops breathing).

Having an advance directive can improve end-of-life care.

It is highly recommended by many research studies and meta-analyses for patients to discuss and create an advance directive with their doctors and families.

Do-not-resuscitate

One of the options of care that patients may discuss with their families and medical providers is the do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order. This means that if the patient's heart stops, CPR and other methods to bring back heartbeat would not be performed. This is the patient's choice to make and can depend on a variety of reasons, whether based on personal beliefs or medical concerns. DNR orders are medically and legally binding.

Decisions like these should also be indicated in the advance directive so that the patient's wishes can be carried out to improve end-of-life care.

Symptoms near death

A variety of symptoms become more apparent when a patient is nearing death. Recognizing these symptoms and knowing what will come may help family members prepare.

During the final few weeks, symptoms will vary largely depending on the patient's disease. During the final hours, patients usually will reject food and water and will also sleep more, choosing not to interact with those around them. Their bodies may behave more irregularly, with changes in breathing, sometimes with longer pauses between breaths, irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, and coldness in the extremities. It is important to note, however, that symptoms will vary per patient.

Good death

Patients, healthcare workers, and recently bereaved family members often describe a "good death" in terms of effective choices made in a few areas:

• Assurance of effective pain and symptom management.
• Education about death and its aftermath, especially as it relates to decision-making.
• Completion of any significant goals, such as resolving past conflicts.

In the last hours of life, palliative sedation may be recommended by a doctor or requested by the patient to ease the symptoms of death until he or she passes away. Palliative sedation is not intended to prolong life or hasten death; it is merely meant to relieve symptoms

Recommended further reading

"Letting Go" by Atul Gawande (link)

"Last Days of Life" for cancer patients provided by the National Cancer Institute (link)

See also

• End-of-life care
• Palliative care
• Hospice care
• Physician-assisted suicide
• Do-not-resuscitate
• Advance directive

References

Hello!

Fantastic work so far! Keep it upRJBazell (talk)