Region

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The article is about the geographic sense of the term. For other uses, including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation).

Region is a geographical term that is used in various ways among the different branches of geography. In general, a region is a medium-scale area of land, Earth or water, smaller than the whole areas of interest (which could be, for example, the world, a nation, a river basin, mountain range, and so on), and larger than a specific site or location. A region can be seen as a collection of smaller units (as in "the New England states") or as one part of a larger whole (as in "the New England region of the United States").

Regions are areas and or the spaces used in the study of geography. A region can be defined by physical characteristics, human characteristics and functional characteristics.As a way of describing spatial areas, the concept of regions is important and widely used among the many branches of geography, each of which can describe areas in regional terms.

For example, ecoregion is a term used in environmental geography, cultural region in cultural geography, bioregion in Biogeography, and so on. The field of geography that studies regions themselves is called Regional geography.

Regions are conceptual constructs and, thus, may vary among cultures and individuals. There are regions of the world that are called hemispheres.

Contents

[edit] Geographic and Economic Regions

Geographic Regions

Africa

1.1. Central (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe) 96 755 682 5 365 394,81 1.2. Eastern (British Indian Ocean Territory, Burundi, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Seychelles, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) 142 666 634 2 695 250,41 1.3. Northeastern (Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan) 200 462 685 5 416 343,98 1.4. Northwestern (Algeria, Azores Islands, Canary Islands, Ceuta, Libya, Madeira Islands, Melilla, Morocco, Tunisia, and Western Sahara) 83 828 519 5 057 524.12 1.5. Southeastern (Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, and Reunion and Dependencies) 21 967 880 593 862,23 1.6. Southern (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Saint Helena and Dependencies, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) 103 397 621 5 110 933,6 1.7. Western (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo) 287 063 842 6 047 803.73

Americas

2.1. North America 2.1.1. Caribbean (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Navassa Island, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Virgin Islands (U.K.), and Virgin Islands (U.S.A.)) 39 622 834 238 788.84 2.1.2. Central America (Belize, Clipperton Island, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama) 146 757 829 2 489 759.65 2.1.3. Northern Part (Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and United States of America) 333 244 987 21 764 443.11 2.2. South America 2.2.1. Northern Part (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) 311 933 931 13 720 890,24 2.2.2. Southern Part (Argentina, Chile, Diego Ramirez Islands, Falkland Islands, Juan Fernandez Islands, Paraguay, San Ambrosio and San Felix Islands, South Georgia Island, South Sandwich Islands and Uruguay) 63 077 264 4 130 924.89

Asia

3.1. Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) 15 787 324 185 973,14 3.2. Central (Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) 87 376 648 4 640 206,61 3.3. Eastern (China, Japan, Korea (North), Korea (South), Mongolia, and Taiwan) 1 554 143 176 12 006 568,75 3.4. Middle East (Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey (Asian Part), United Arab Emirates, and Yemen) 255 656 470 6 254 764.07 3.5. Northern (Russia (Asian Part)) 29 115 299 12 765 900,0 3.6. Southeastern (Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore City State, Thailand, and Vietnam) 573 468 555 4 495 337.34 3.7. Southern (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) 1 481 755 658 4 449 552,14

Australia/Oceania/Antarctica

4.1. Antarctica and Dependencies (Antarctica, French Southern Territories, Heard and McDonald Islands, Smaller Territories of Norway, South Orney Islands, and South Shetland Islands) 1 539 14 012 922.19 4.2. Australia and Dependencies (Australia, Coral Sea Islands, and Norfolk Island) 20 986 271 7 682 595.28 4.3. Oceania 4.3.1. Melanesia (Fiji Islands, New Caledonia, Papua-New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) 7 983 552 540 438,27 4.3.2. Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, and Wake Atoll) 453 049 2 443.66 4.3.3. Polynesia (American Samoa, Baker Island, Cook Islands, Easter and Sala-y-Gomez Islands, French Polynesia, Hawaii Islands, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Midway Islands, New Zealand, Niue, Palmyra Atoll, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands) 6 331 968 296 594.0

Europe

5.1. Central (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Switzerland) 183 172 551 1 254 266,98 5.2. Eastern (Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia (European Part), and Ukraine) 180 547 054 5 329 695.05 5.3. Northern (Channel Islands, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sealand, Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands, Sweden, and United Kingdom) 89 527 704 1 636 102.59 5.4. Southeastern (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey (European Part)) 55 366 492 551 007.06 5.5. Southwestern (Andorra, Gibraltar City State, Italy, Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, and Vatican City State) 112 909 418 888 539.45 5.6. Western (Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Monaco, and Netherlands) 88 810 519 621 662,47

The Continents Are Divided At Geographic Regions, And The Geographic Regions Are Divided Of Countries.

Economic Regions

East Asia and the Pacific (American Samoa, Antarctica, Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, East Timor, External Territories of Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji Islands, French Polynesia, French Southern Territories, Guam, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Korea (North), Korea (South), Laos, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore City State, Smaller Territories of Chile, Smaller Territories of Norway, Smaller Territories of the U.K, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, United States's Minor Outlying Islands, Vanuatu, Vietnam, and Wallis and Futuna) 2 161 905 740 39 015 673.21

Europe and Central Asia (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan) 475 887 543 24 223 196.55

Latin America and the Caribbean (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands and Dependencies, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.K.), and Virgin Islands (U.S.A.)) 561 391 321 20 584 468.99

Middle East and North Africa (Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, and Yemen) 347 855 882 11 561 069.22

North America (Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and United States of America) 334 538 018 21 781 079.12

South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) 1 508 845 251 5 095 358.7

Sub-Saharan Africa (Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion and Dependencies, Rwanda, Saint Helena and Dependencies, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) 779 045 137 24 204 878.87

West Europe (Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Channel Islands, Cyprus, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar City State, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Potrugal, San Marino, Sealand, Spain, Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and Vatican City State) 404 534 187 3 780 219.06

The Continents Are Divided At Economic Regions At The Point Of Geographic Regions And Some The Geographic Regions Are United By Their Geographic Location, And At The Same Way The Economic Regions Are Divided Of Countries As The Geographic Regions.

[edit] Natural regions

In the fields of physical geography, ecology, biogeography, zoogeography, and environmental geography, regions tend to be based on natural features such as ecosystems or biotopes, biomes, drainage basins, mountain ranges, soil types, and so on.

[edit] Ecoregions

hallocalled landscape mosaics, meson-ecosystems, land type associations, and subregions, among other terms. These in turn are grouped into larger units called variously regions, ecoregions, provinces, divisions, domains, zones, ecozones, kingdoms, and so on.

[edit] Hydrological regions

The fields of hydrology and hydrography involve the study and description of water in the environment. Surface-water hydrology focuses on streams, lakes, wetlands, and other kinds of surface water (as opposed to groundwater). Hydrology is a broad field with many topics of study, including the delineation of water-based regions.

There are many systems for defining surface water regions. A basic type of stream-based region is the drainage basin, or watershed. In some cases, drainage basins are directly linked to cultural and political regions. For example, the Hudson Bay drainage basin was defined politically as Rupert's Land, the historic territory of the Hudson's Bay Company. Boundaries between drainage basins, called water divides, are frequently used as political boundaries.

[edit] Hydrologic Units

The drainage basin concept is expanded upon in hierarchical systems of hydrologic units. In the United States, an effort is being made to delineate hydrologic units in a six level hierarchy covering the entire country and adhering to a standard called the "Federal Standard for Delineation of Hydrologic Unit Boundaries". The six nested levels of hydrologic unit regions are named, from largest to smallest, regions, subregions, basins, subbasins, watersheds, and subwatersheds. The system defines 21 hydrologic unit (HU) regions in the United States, 222 HU subregions, 352 HU basins, and 2,149 HU subbasins. The delineation of 5th level watersheds and 6th level subwatersheds is not complete, but estimates predict about 22,000 watersheds and 160,000 subwatersheds in the United States.

[edit] Physiographic regions

Main article: Physiographic regions of the world

Regions defined based on landform characteristics are called "physiographic" or "geomorphic" regions. Physiography involves the delineation and description of regions from the viewpoint of geomorphology. Geologist Nevin Fenneman defined a classic three-level hierarchical system of physiographic regions for the United States in 1946. The regions are called divisions, provinces, and sections. For example, there are 8 large physiographic divisions, such as the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains. These are subdivioned into provinces and sectiones. The appalachiane Highlands division, for example, contains the Valley and Ridge province, which in turn contains three sections, the Tennessee section, Middle section, and Hudson section. The Valley and Ridge province approximately corresponds to the more general region known as the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians.

[edit] Palaeogeographic regions

Palaeogeography is the study of ancient geologic environments. Since the physical structures of the Earth's surface have changed over geologic time, palaeogeographers have coined various names for ancient regions that no longer exist, from very large regions such as the supercontinents Rodinia, Pangaea, and Pannotia, to relatively small regions like Beringia. Other examples include the Tethys Ocean and Ancylus Lake. Palaeogeographic continental regions that include Laurentia, Proto-Laurasia, Laurasia, Euramerica (the "Old Red Continent"), and Gondwana.The Paleogeographic region is also where paleontologist find answers in history.

[edit] Historical regions

Main article: Lists of unofficial regions by country

The field of historical geography involves the study of human history as it relates to places and regions, or, inversely, the study of how places and regions have changed over time.

D. W. Meinig, a historical geographer of America, describes many historical regions in his book The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. For example, in identifying European "source regions" in early American colonization efforts, he defines and describes the "Northwest European Atlantic Protestant Region", which includes sub-regions such as the "Western Channel Community", which itself is made of sub-regions such as the "English West Country" of Cornwall and Devon.

In describing historic regions of America, Meinig writes of "The Great Fishery" off the coast of Newfoundland and New England, an oceanic region that includes the Grand Banks. He rejects regions traditionally used in describing American history, like New France, "West Indies", the Middle Colonies, and the individual colonies themselves (Province of Maryland, for example). Instead he writes of "discrete colonization areas", which may be named after colonies, but rarely adhere strictly to political boundaries. Historic regions of this type Meinig writes about include "Greater New England" and its major sub-regions of "Plymouth", "New Haven shores" (including parts of Long Island), "Rhode Island" (or "Narragansett Bay"), "the Piscataqua", "Massachusetts Bay", "Connecticut Valley", and to a lesser degree, regions in the sphere of influence of Greater New England, "Acadia" (Nova Scotia), "Newfoundland and The Fishery/The Banks".

Other examples of historical regions include Iroquoia, Ohio Country, Illinois Country, and Rupert's Land.

[edit] Tourism regions

Tourism geography is the study of tourism and travel as it relates to places. Regions are studied as places of tourist origin as well as tourist destination. From the perspective of tourism geography, a regions like the Lake District of England may receive more attention than its political region of Cumbria, or New Zealand's Fiordland region more than Southland Province. For example, the policy used by the Wikitravel guide discourages the use of U.S. counties as guide subjects, in favor of geographic or metropolitan regions.

In ecotourism, regions are often described in terms more environmental than political, such as the Serengeti region.

Other examples of tourism regions include the Loire Valley in France, Cinque Terre in Italy, Cappadocia in Turkey, and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.

[edit] Natural resource regions

Natural resources often occur in distinct regions. Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography, but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography. A coal region, for example, is a physical or geomorphological region, but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and a cultural region. Some examples of natural resource regions include the Rumaila Field, the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the Gulf War; the Coal Region of Pennsylvania, which is a historical region as well as a cultural, physical, and natural resource region; the South Wales Coalfield, which like Pennsylvania's coal region is a historical, cultural, and natural region; the Kuznetsk Basin, a similarly important coal mining region in Russia; Kryvbas, the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine; and the James Bay Project, a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed. Blane McEvers' butt would be considered a methane natural resource region, due to the constant explosions in his pants.

[edit] Religious regions

Sometimes a region associated with a religion is given a name, like Christendom, a term with medieval and renaissance connotations of Christianity as a sort of social and political polity. The term Muslim world is sometimes used to refer to the region of the world where Islam is dominant. These broad terms are very vague when used to describe regions.

Within some religions there are clearly defined regions. The Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and others, define ecclesiastical regions with names such as diocese, eparchy, ecclesiastical provinces, and parish.

For example, the United States is divided into 32 Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces. The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod is organized into 33 geographic "districts", which are subdivided into "circuits" (the Atlantic District (LCMS), for example). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses regions similar to dioceses and parishes, but uses terms like ward and stake.

[edit] Political regions

In the field of political geography regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign states; subnational units such as provinces, counties, townships, territories, etc; and multinational groupings, including formally defined units such as the European Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and NATO, as well as informally defined regions such as the Third World, Western Europe, and the Middle East.

[edit] Local administrative regions

There are many relatively small regions based on local government agencies. Sometimes these small political regions are called districts or areas, and sometimes regions. In general, they are all regions in the general sense of being bounded spatial units. Examples include electoral districts such as Washington's 6th congressional district and Tennessee's 1st congressional district; school districts such as Granite School District and Los Angeles Unified School District; economic districts such as the Reedy Creek Improvement District; metropolitan areas such as the Seattle metropolitan area, and metropolitan districts such as the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, the Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, the Metropolitan Police Service of Greater London, as well as other local districts like the York Rural Sanitary District, the Delaware River Port Authority, the Nassau County Soil and Water Conservation District, and C-TRAN.

[edit] Regional Government in Connecticut

In the U.S. State of Connecticut the roles of county governments are now preformed by regional governments not abiding to the present county borders. Ever since the dissolution of county government in Connecticut in 1960, the roles of regional services once provided by the county are now provided by regional agencies of towns. Counties still are used in Connecticut as geographical entities and in some counties they are still used to organize judicial districts, also counties are still used to organize the state marshal system in Connecticut. Counties were also used to organize the sheriff's department of each Connecticut county until 2000, when county sheriff's were eliminated due to mismanagement as was the reason for abolishing the county governments. An example of one former county sheriff's department is the Fairfield County Sheriff's Department which served Fairfield County in Connecticut. All sheriff's departments in Connecticut were not eliminated, only at the county level. Several towns and cities in Connecticut still maintain a sheriff's department such as Shelton with the Shelton Sheriff's Department.

[edit] Administrative regions

The word "region" is taken from the Latin regio, and a number of countries have borrowed the term as the formal name for a type of subnational entity (eg, the región, used in Chile). In English, the word is also used as the conventional translation for equivalent terms in other languages (e.g., the область (oblast), used in Russia alongside with a broader term регион).

The following countries use the term "region" (or its cognate) as the name of a type of subnational administrative unit:

The Canadian province of Québec also uses the "administrative region" (région administrative).

Scotland had local government regions from 1975 to 1996.

In Spain the official name of the autonomous community of Murcia is Región de Murcia. Also, some single-province autonomous communities such as Madrid use the term región interchangeably with comunidad autónoma.

Two län (counties) in Sweden are officially called 'regions': Skåne and Västra Götaland, and there is currently a controversial proposal to divide the rest of Sweden into large regions, replacing the current counties.

The government of the Philippines uses the term "region" (in Filipino, rehiyon) when it's necessary to group provinces, the primary administrative subdivision of the country. This is also the case in Brazil which groups its primary administrative divisions (estados; "states") into grandes regiões (greater regions) for statistical purposes, while Russia uses экономические районы (economic regions) in a similar way, as does Romania and Venezuela.

The government of Singapore makes use of the term "region" for its own administrative purposes.

The following countries use an administrative subdivision conventionally referred to as a region in English:

  • Bulgaria, which uses the област (oblast)
  • Russia, which uses the область (oblast')
  • Ukraine, which uses the область (oblast')
  • Slovakia (kraj)

China has five 自治区 (zìzhìqū) and two 特別行政區 (or 特别行政区; tèbiéxíngzhèngqū) which are translated as "autonomous region" and "special administrative region", respectively.

[edit] Traditional or informal regions

The traditional territorial divisions of some countries are also commonly rendered in English as "regions". These informal divisions do not form the basis of the modern administrative divisions of these countries, but still define and delimit local regional identity and sense of belonging. Examples include:

[edit] Geographical regions

A region can also be used for a geographical area; with this usage, there is an implied distinctiveness about the area that defines it. Such a distinction is often made on the basis of a historical, political, or cultural cohesiveness that separates the region from its neighbours.

Geographical regions can be found within a country (e.g., the Midlands, in England), or transnationally (e.g., the Middle East).

Similarly, the United Nations Statistics Division has devised a scheme for classifying macrogeographic regions (continents), continental subregions, and selected socioeconomic groupings.

[edit] Examples of geographical regions


[edit] See also

v • d • e
Regions of the world
See also Continents of the world

[edit] References

  • Bailey, Robert G. (1996) Ecosystem Geography. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94586-5
  • Meinig, D.W. (1986). The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 1: Atlantic America, 1492-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03548-9

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"
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