Stereotypes of white people
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Sterotypes of white people include those addressing gender, nation, class, sexuality and ability, among other topics.[1] These stereotypes are generally directed against people of white-European descent, including those thought of as "white people," or "Caucasian." Stereotypes of white people have been identified as having undue influence on the lives of African Americans.[2]
Different groups hold positive stereotypes of white people.[3][4] Literature in the field of clinical psychology has said that this type of Eurocentric favoritism is indicative of the "pre-encounter" phase in the development of Black identity.[5]
However, as the social definition of "white people" has changed over the years ethnic groups such as the British, Irish, and Slavs have been portrayed in popular media and culture in a negative fashion.[6] In South Africa, Afrikaans people have been portrayed by media as backward, Hitlerite, overweight, bombastic and conservative.[7] Studies have shown that different racial, ethnic and nationalities have different stereotypes of white people.[8][9] Other stereotypes of white people include the idea that they are all "extremely self-involved, uneducated about people other than themselves, are unable to understand the complicated ways in which people who are not white surive, and are in deep denial about racism."[10]
In a study on the associative strength between two words subjects, regardless of prejudice score, responded reliably faster when positive attitudes (e.g., smart) were paired with whites than when they were paired with blacks.[11] In a study on mutual and self-perceptions of racial images of whites, African Americans and Japanese-Americans, whites were stereotyped as materialistic and pleasure-loving. Whites are stereotyped as racists. In general whites were stereotyped with positive traits and minority groups with negative traits.[12]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Kimmel, M.S. and Ferber, A.L. (2003) Privilege: A Reader. Basic Books. p 26.
- ^ Muran, J.C. (2007) Dialogues on Difference: Studies of Diversity in the Therapeutic Relationship. American Psychological Association. p 137.
- ^ Ponterotto, J.G. (1995) Handbook of Multicultural Counseling. Sage Publications, 1995. p 99.
- ^ Jarvis, M. and Russell, J. (2002) Key Ideas in Psychology. Nelson Thornes. p 131.
- ^ Patel, N. (2000) Clinical Psychology, 'Race' and Culture: A Training Manual. Blackwell Publishing, 2000. p 47.
- ^ Leo W. Jeffres, K. Kyoon Hur (1979) White Ethnics and their Media Images Journal of Communication 29 (1), 116–122.
- ^ Fourie, P.J. (2004) Media Studies: Institutions, Theories and Issues. Juta and Company Limited. p 478.
- ^ Fernandez, R. America Beyond Black and White: How Immigrants and Fusions are Helping Us Overcome the Racial Divide. University of Michigan Press. p 174.
- ^ Han, A. and Hsu, J.Y. (2004) Asian American X: An Intersection of 21st Century Asian American Voices. University of Michigan Press. p 208.
- ^ Diamond, E. (1996) Performance and Cultural Politics. Routledge. p 279.
- ^ Racial Stereotypes: Associations and Ascriptions of Positive and Negative Characteristics Samuel L. Gaertner, John P. McLaughlin Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Mar., 1983), pp. 23-30
- ^ Reciprocity in Racial Stereotypes: White, Black, and Yellow Minako Kurokawa Maykovich The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 77, No. 5 (Mar., 1972), pp. 876-897
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