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Person-centered therapy, also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers beginning in the 1940s^[1] and extending into the 1980s.^[2] Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's self-actualizing tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment",^[3] via acceptance (unconditional positive regard), therapist congruence (genuineness), and empathic understanding.^[4]^[5]

History and influences

Person-centered therapy, now considered a founding work in the humanistic school of psychotherapies, began with Carl Rogers,^[6] and is recognized as one of the major psychotherapy "schools" (theoretical orientations), along with psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, classical Adlerian psychology, cognitive behavioral therapy, existential therapy, and others.^[7]

Rogers affirmed^[6] individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect. Rogers identified six conditions which are needed to produce personality changes in clients: relationship, vulnerability to anxiety (on the part of the client), genuineness (the therapist is truly himself or herself and incorporates some self-disclosure), the client's perception of the therapist's genuineness, the therapist's unconditional positive regard for the client, and accurate empathy.^[8] This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the more extreme behavioral therapies. Living in the present rather than the past or future, with organismic trust, naturalistic faith in your own thoughts and the accuracy in your feelings, and a responsible acknowledgment of your freedom, with a view toward participating fully in our world, contributing to other peoples' lives, are hallmarks of Rogers' person-centered therapy. Rogers also claims that the therapeutic process is essentially the accomplishments made by the client. The client having already progressed further along in their growth and maturation development, only progresses further with the aid of a psychologically favored environment.^[9]

The term "Client" was chosen by Rogers and his peers, to emphasize that they want him (the client) to take responsibility (actively and voluntarily) about his situation and about his problem. They chose this term in favor of "Patient" "Subject" etc. since in their (Carl's and his peers) point of view he doesn't have an illness of is subject to experiments (The explanation is shown in reference in page 7)^[2]. Later the term "Person" was more common to name the process.

The method of client-centered therapy is up to changes rather than a static method - "The picture is one of fluid changes in a general approach to problems of human relationships, rather than a situation in which some relatively rigid technique is more or less mechanically applied"(page 6)^[2].

Rogers electrically recorded sessions of counselors and clients in order to help colleagues-researchers to investigate objectively the findings of the theory. "The basis for this development has been first and foremost the accumulation of complete electrically recorded case material... It is these research studies of the future which will help to remove the labels and unify the field of psychotherapy"(page 13)^[2].

Although client-centered therapy has been criticized by behaviorists for lacking structure and by psychoanalysts for actually providing a conditional relationship,^[10] it has been shown to be an effective treatment.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

The Attitude of Client-Centered Therapy

The philosophy - "... consequently the person whose operational philosophy has already moves in the direction of 'feeling' a deep respect for the significance and worth of each person is more readily able to assimilate client-centered techniques which help him to express this felling"^[2].

Implementation of the attitude - The counselor can choose several methods that seem fit to him with the philosophy of client-centered therapy. It is up to the counselor to constantly check whether these methods match the hypothesis or purpose(page 26) ^[2]. The counselor task is to clarify and objectify the client's feelings but to check with the client if the counselor's words matches the client's experience. In general the counselor would try to show empathy towards the client experience. As Rogers put it " [The therapist] must concentrate on one purpose only; that of providing deep understanding and acceptance of the attitudes consciously held at this moment by the client as he explores step by step into the dangerous areas which he has been denying to consciousness"(page 30)^[2].

The necessary and sufficient conditions

Rogers (1957; 1959) stated^[8] that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:

Therapist–client psychological contact: a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important.
Client incongruence: that incongruence exists between the client's experience and awareness.
Therapist congruence, or genuineness: the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. The therapist is deeply involved him or herself — they are not "acting"—and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship.
Therapist unconditional positive regard (UPR): the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted by others.
Therapist empathic understanding: the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapist's unconditional regard for them.
Client perception: that the client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's UPR and empathic understanding.

Core conditions

It is believed that the most important factor in successful therapy is the relational climate created by the therapist's attitude to their client. The therapist's attitude is defined by the three conditions focused on the therapist, which are often called the core conditions (3,4, and 5 of the six conditions):

Congruence – the willingness to transparently relate to clients without hiding behind a professional or personal facade.
Unconditional positive regard – the therapist offers an acceptance and prizing for their client for who he or she is without conveying disapproving feelings, actions or characteristics and demonstrating a willingness to attentively listen without interruption, judgement or giving advice.
Empathy – the therapist communicates their desire to understand and appreciate their client's perspective.

Processes

Rogers believed that a therapist who embodies the three critical and reflexive attitudes (the three 'Core Conditions') will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgement. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their client's way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing.^[15] Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, but believed that the answers to the patients' questions were within the patient and not the therapist. Accordingly, the therapists' role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the patient could discover the answers for him or herself.^[16]

Group-Centered Leadership

In Rogers' book^[2], on chapter 8, Dr. Thomas Gordon explains the reaserch and theory between the leader and his group while the leader is demonstrating a group-centered leadership.

"The very existence of a group leader either real or perceived, may be a deterrent to the distribution of leadership throughout the group."(page 332)^[2].

The attitudes of the leader are similar to client centered therapy - acceptance, permissiveness, understanding, honesty, trust and openness to tensions in the group(page 338)^[2].

Functions the leader demonstrate

The opportunity for participation - The leader will act to create opportunities for the individuals of the group to participate and express themselves. Thomas showed an example of this notion in an interview from group therapy (page 342). In the book^[2] there was an example of a study about children from homes who gave the opportunity to express their ideas and were consulted about policy. These children tended to show better social adjustment and greater increase in I.Q. (page 340)^[2].

Freedom of communication - Needed for friendly interpersonal relations and development of mutual understanding. Many groups have space barriers (located in different cities\countries) or psychological barriers (people are afraid from being judged on their ideas).

Conveying warmth and empathy - the leader won't be stiff, cold etc.

Attending to others - This attitude will be demonstrated by the leader in expressions like: You are saying..., You feel..., I understand from you that you mean.... As oppose to statements like (that the leader thinks): I don't agree with this statement, I don't like where this is going, I must add something important, etc.

Understanding meanings and intents - The leader will try to relate and express the intent of each speaker and reflect it back or act upon that meaning.

Conveying acceptance - The leader will demonstrate the acceptance of behavior of the group members inside his boundaries. There might be some responsibilities that the leader will keep to himself (fire or hire members of the group).

The 'linking' function - The leader will link each saying of a group member in a discussion to the main notion or topic. An appropriate metaphor is like streams on a window that if someone touch and link two streams they will continue as one. This 'linking' function is demonstrated by a group discussion (pages 359-362) ^[2].

References

^ Rogers, Carl R. (1942). Counseling and psychotherapy. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. ISBN 978-1406760873.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Rogers, Carl R.; Sanford, R. C. (1985). "Client-centered psychotherapy". Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. By I., Kaplan, Harold; J., Sadock, Benjamin. Vol. 2. Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1374–1388. ISBN 9780683045116. OCLC 491903721.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Yalom, Irvin D. (1995). Introduction. A way of being. By Rogers, Carl R. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. xi. ISBN 9780395755303. OCLC 464424214.
^ Rogers, Carl R. (1957). "The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change". Journal of Consulting Psychology. 21 (2): 95–103. doi:10.1037/h0045357.
^ Rogers, Carl R. (1966). "Client-centered therapy". In Arieti, S. (ed.). American handbook of psychiatry. Vol. 3. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 183–200.
^ ^a ^b Prochaska, p. 138
^ Prochaska, p. 3
^ ^a ^b Prochaska, pp.142–143
^ Rogers, Carl (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. Cambridge Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.
^ Prochaska
^ Cooper, M., Watson, J. C., & Hoeldampf, D. (2010). Person-centered and experiential therapies work: A review of the research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.
^ Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Bower, P.; Sibbald, B.; Farrelly, S.; Gabbay, M.; Tarrier, N.; Addington-Hall, J. (2000). "Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1383. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1383. PMC 27542. PMID 11099284.
^ Bower, P.; Byford, S.; Sibbald, B.; Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Gabbay, M. (2000). "Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1389. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1389. PMC 27543. PMID 11099285.
^ Shechtman, Zipora; Pastor, Ronit (2005). "Cognitive-Behavioral and Humanistic Group Treatment for Children with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison of Outcomes and Process". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 52 (3): 322. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.322.
^ "Person-centered therapy" on the Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders website
^ Rogers, Carl Ransom; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On Becoming an Effective Teacher: Person-centred Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4.

Cited sources

Prochaska, James O.; Norcross, John C. (2007). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Thomson/Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-495-00777-7.

Bibliography

Arnold, Kyle (2014). "Behind the Mirror: Reflective Listening and its Tain in the Work of Carl Rogers". The Humanistic Psychologist. 42 (4): 354–369. doi:10.1080/08873267.2014.913247.
Bruno, Frank J. (1977). Client-Centered Counseling: Becoming a Person. In Human Adjustment and Personal Growth: Seven Pathways, pp. 362–370. John Wiley & Sons.
Cooper, M., O'Hara, M, Schmid, P., and Wyatt, G. (2007). The Handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counseling. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Rogers, Carl (1961). On Becoming a Person ISBN 0-395-75531-X
Rogers, C (1957). "'The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change'". Journal of Consulting Psychology. 21 (2): 95–103. doi:10.1037/h0045357.
Rogers, Carl. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill.
Rogers, Carl (1980). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Poyrazli, S. (2003). "Validity of Rogerian Therapy in Turkish Culture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective". Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development. 42 (1): 107–115. doi:10.1002/j.2164-490x.2003.tb00172.x.
Rogers, Carl (1951). "Client-Centered Therapy" Cambridge Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.
Rogers, Carl, Lyon, HC, Tausch, R. (2013). On Becoming an Effective Teacher – Person-centered teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4: http://www.routledge.com/9780415816984/

External links

Library resources about
Person-centered therapy

[1] Rogers, Carl R. (1942). Counseling and psychotherapy. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. ISBN 978-1406760873.

[:0-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Rogers, Carl R.; Sanford, R. C. (1985). "Client-centered psychotherapy". Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. By I., Kaplan, Harold; J., Sadock, Benjamin. Vol. 2. Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1374–1388. ISBN 9780683045116. OCLC 491903721.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] Yalom, Irvin D. (1995). Introduction. A way of being. By Rogers, Carl R. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. xi. ISBN 9780395755303. OCLC 464424214.

[4] Rogers, Carl R. (1957). "The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change". Journal of Consulting Psychology. 21 (2): 95–103. doi:10.1037/h0045357.

[5] Rogers, Carl R. (1966). "Client-centered therapy". In Arieti, S. (ed.). American handbook of psychiatry. Vol. 3. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 183–200.

[Prochaska,_J.O_2007._p.138-6] Prochaska, p. 138

[7] Prochaska, p. 3

[Prochaska,_J.O_2007._p._142-143-8] Prochaska, pp.142–143

[Rogers-9] Rogers, Carl (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. Cambridge Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.

[10] Prochaska

[11] Cooper, M., Watson, J. C., & Hoeldampf, D. (2010). Person-centered and experiential therapies work: A review of the research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.

[12] Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Bower, P.; Sibbald, B.; Farrelly, S.; Gabbay, M.; Tarrier, N.; Addington-Hall, J. (2000). "Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1383. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1383. PMC 27542. PMID 11099284.

[13] Bower, P.; Byford, S.; Sibbald, B.; Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Gabbay, M. (2000). "Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1389. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1389. PMC 27543. PMID 11099285.

[14] Shechtman, Zipora; Pastor, Ronit (2005). "Cognitive-Behavioral and Humanistic Group Treatment for Children with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison of Outcomes and Process". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 52 (3): 322. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.322.

[15] "Person-centered therapy" on the Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders website

[16] Rogers, Carl Ransom; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On Becoming an Effective Teacher: Person-centred Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4.

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-'''Person-centered therapy''', also known as '''person-centered psychotherapy''',  '''person-centered counseling''', '''client-centered therapy''' and '''Rogerian psychotherapy''', is a form of [[psychotherapy]] developed by [[psychologist]] [[Carl Rogers]] beginning in the 1940s<ref>{{Cite book|title=Counseling and psychotherapy|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|publisher=Riverside Press|year=1942|isbn=978-1406760873|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=}}</ref> and extending into the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491903721|contribution=Client-centered psychotherapy|pages=1374-1388|volume=2|contributor-last=Rogers|contributor-first=Carl R.|contributor2-last=Sanford|contributor2-first=R. C.|title=Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry|last=I.|first=Kaplan, Harold|last2=J.|first2=Sadock, Benjamin|year=1985|publisher=Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683045116|oclc=491903721}}</ref> Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's [[Self-actualization|self-actualizing]] tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464424214|title=A way of being|contribution=Introduction|page=xi|contributor-last=Yalom|contributor-first=Irvin D.|last=Rogers|first=Carl R. |date=1995|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|isbn=9780395755303|oclc=464424214}}</ref> via acceptance (''unconditional positive regard''), therapist ''congruence'' (genuineness), and [[empathy|empathic]] understanding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|title=The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.|year=1957|journal=Journal of Consulting Psychology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=95–103|doi=10.1037/h0045357}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=American handbook of psychiatry|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|publisher=Basic Books|chapter=Client-centered therapy|year=1966|isbn=|editor-last=Arieti|editor-first=S.|volume=3|location=New York City|pages=183-200}}</ref>
+'''Person-centered therapy''', also known as '''person-centered psychotherapy''',  '''person-centered counseling''', '''client-centered therapy''' and '''Rogerian psychotherapy''', is a form of [[psychotherapy]] developed by [[psychologist]] [[Carl Rogers]] beginning in the 1940s<ref>{{Cite book|title=Counseling and psychotherapy|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|publisher=Riverside Press|year=1942|isbn=978-1406760873|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=}}</ref> and extending into the 1980s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491903721|contribution=Client-centered psychotherapy|pages=1374-1388|volume=2|contributor-last=Rogers|contributor-first=Carl R.|contributor2-last=Sanford|contributor2-first=R. C.|title=Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry|last=I.|first=Kaplan, Harold|last2=J.|first2=Sadock, Benjamin|year=1985|publisher=Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683045116|oclc=491903721}}</ref> Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's [[Self-actualization|self-actualizing]] tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464424214|title=A way of being|contribution=Introduction|page=xi|contributor-last=Yalom|contributor-first=Irvin D.|last=Rogers|first=Carl R. |date=1995|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|isbn=9780395755303|oclc=464424214}}</ref> via acceptance (''unconditional positive regard''), therapist ''congruence'' (genuineness), and [[empathy|empathic]] understanding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|title=The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.|year=1957|journal=Journal of Consulting Psychology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=95–103|doi=10.1037/h0045357}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=American handbook of psychiatry|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|publisher=Basic Books|chapter=Client-centered therapy|year=1966|isbn=|editor-last=Arieti|editor-first=S.|volume=3|location=New York City|pages=183-200}}</ref>
 ==History and influences==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Rogers affirmed<ref name="Prochaska, J.O 2007. p.138"/> individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect. Rogers identified six conditions which are needed to produce personality changes in clients: relationship, [[Vulnerability|vulnerability to anxiety]] (on the part of the client), genuineness (the therapist is truly himself or herself and incorporates some self-disclosure), the client's perception of the therapist's genuineness, the therapist's unconditional positive regard for the client,  and accurate empathy.<ref name="Prochaska, J.O 2007. p. 142-143">[[#Prochaska|Prochaska]], pp.142–143</ref> This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the more extreme behavioral therapies. Living in the present rather than the past or future, with organismic trust, naturalistic faith in your own thoughts and the accuracy in your feelings, and a responsible acknowledgment of your freedom, with a view toward participating fully in our world, contributing to other peoples' lives, are hallmarks of Rogers' person-centered therapy. Rogers also claims that the therapeutic process is essentially the accomplishments made by the client. The client having already progressed further along in their growth and maturation development, only progresses further with the aid of a psychologically favored environment.<ref name="Rogers">Rogers, Carl (1951). ''Client-Centered Therapy''. Cambridge Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.</ref>
+The term "Client" was chosen by Rogers and his peers, to emphasize that they want him (the client) to take responsibility (actively and voluntarily) about his situation and about his problem. They chose this term in favor of "Patient" "Subject" etc. since in their (Carl's and his peers) point of view he doesn't have an illness of is subject to experiments (The explanation is shown in reference in page 7)<ref name=":0" />. Later the term "Person" was more common to name the process.
+The method of client-centered therapy is up to changes rather than a static method - "The picture is one of fluid changes in a general approach to problems of human relationships, rather than a situation in which some relatively rigid technique is more or less mechanically applied"(page 6)<ref name=":0" />.
+Rogers electrically recorded sessions of counselors and clients in order to help colleagues-researchers to investigate objectively the findings of the theory. "The basis for this development has been first and foremost the accumulation of complete electrically recorded case material... It is these research studies of the future which will help to remove the labels and unify the field of psychotherapy"(page 13)<ref name=":0" />.
 Although client-centered therapy has been criticized by [[behaviorists]] for lacking structure and by [[psychoanalysts]] for actually providing a [[unconditional love|conditional relationship]],<ref>[[#Prochaska|Prochaska]]</ref> it has been shown to be an effective treatment.<ref>Cooper, M., Watson, J. C., & Hoeldampf, D. (2010). ''Person-centered and experiential therapies work: A review of the research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices''. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1383|pmid=11099284|title=Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness|journal=BMJ|volume=321|issue=7273|pages=1383|year=2000|last1=Ward|first1=E.|last2=King|first2=M.|last3=Lloyd|first3=M.|last4=Bower|first4=P.|last5=Sibbald|first5=B.|last6=Farrelly|first6=S.|last7=Gabbay|first7=M.|last8=Tarrier|first8=N.|last9=Addington-Hall|first9=J.|pmc=27542}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1389|pmid=11099285|title=Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness|journal=BMJ|volume=321|issue=7273|pages=1389|year=2000|last1=Bower|first1=P.|last2=Byford|first2=S.|last3=Sibbald|first3=B.|last4=Ward|first4=E.|last5=King|first5=M.|last6=Lloyd|first6=M.|last7=Gabbay|first7=M.|pmc=27543}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.322|title=Cognitive-Behavioral and Humanistic Group Treatment for Children with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison of Outcomes and Process|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|volume=52|issue=3|pages=322|year=2005|last1=Shechtman|first1=Zipora|last2=Pastor|first2=Ronit}}</ref>
+== The Attitude of Client-Centered Therapy ==
+The philosophy - "... consequently the person whose operational philosophy has already moves in the direction of 'feeling' a deep respect for the significance and worth of each person is more readily able to assimilate client-centered techniques which help him to express this felling"<ref name=":0" />.
+Implementation of the attitude - The counselor can choose several methods that seem fit to him with the philosophy of client-centered therapy. It is up to the counselor to constantly check whether these methods match the hypothesis or purpose(page 26) <ref name=":0" />. The counselor task is to clarify and objectify the client's feelings but to check with the client if the counselor's words matches the client's experience. In general the counselor would try to show empathy towards the client experience. As Rogers put it " [The therapist] must concentrate on one purpose only; that of providing deep understanding and acceptance of the attitudes consciously held at this moment by the client as he explores step by step into the dangerous areas which he has been denying to consciousness"(page 30)<ref name=":0" />.
 == The necessary and sufficient conditions ==
@@ Line 38: / Line 49: @@
 ==Processes==
 Rogers believed that a therapist who embodies the three critical and reflexive attitudes (the three 'Core Conditions') will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgement. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their client's way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing.<ref>[http://www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Person-centered-therapy.html#b "Person-centered therapy"] on the ''Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders'' website</ref> Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, but believed that the answers to the patients' questions were within the patient and not the therapist. Accordingly, the therapists' role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the patient could discover the answers for him or herself.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rogers, Carl Ransom |author2=Lyon, Harold C. |author3=Tausch, Reinhard |title=On Becoming an Effective Teacher: Person-centred Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5XbNAEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-81698-4|page=23}}</ref>
+== Group-Centered Leadership ==
+In Rogers' book<ref name=":0" />, on chapter 8, Dr. [[Thomas Gordon (psychologist)|Thomas Gordon]] explains the reaserch and theory between the leader and his group while the leader is demonstrating a group-centered leadership.
+"The very existence of a group leader either real or perceived, may be a deterrent to the distribution of leadership throughout the group."(page 332)<ref name=":0" />.
+The attitudes of the leader are similar to client centered therapy - acceptance, permissiveness, understanding, honesty, trust and openness to tensions in the group(page 338)<ref name=":0" />.
+=== Functions the leader demonstrate ===
+The opportunity for participation - The leader will act to create opportunities for the individuals of the group to participate and express themselves. [[Thomas Gordon (psychologist)|Thomas]] showed an example of this notion in an interview from group therapy (page 342). In the book<ref name=":0" /> there was an example of a study about children from homes who gave the opportunity to express their ideas and were consulted about policy. These children tended to show better social adjustment and greater increase in I.Q. (page 340)<ref name=":0" />.
+Freedom of communication - Needed for friendly interpersonal relations and development of mutual understanding. Many groups have space barriers (located in different cities\countries) or psychological barriers (people are afraid from being judged on their ideas).
+Conveying warmth and empathy - the leader won't be stiff, cold etc.
+Attending to others - This attitude will be demonstrated by the leader in  expressions like: You are saying..., You feel..., I understand from you that you  mean.... As oppose to statements like (that the leader thinks): I don't agree with this statement, I don't like where this is going, I must add something important, etc.
+Understanding meanings and intents - The leader will try to relate and express the intent of each speaker and reflect it back or act upon that meaning.
+Conveying acceptance - The leader will demonstrate the acceptance of behavior of the group members inside his boundaries. There might be some responsibilities that the leader will keep to himself (fire or hire members of the group).
+The 'linking' function - The leader will link each saying of a group member in a discussion to the main notion or topic. An appropriate metaphor is like streams on a window that if someone touch and link two streams they will continue as one. This 'linking' function is demonstrated by a group discussion (pages 359-362) <ref name=":0" />.
 ==See also==