Close-mid central unrounded vowel: Difference between revisions

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most modern sources describe this as close-mid, there's no need to list it at mid central vowel
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| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|pp=368–369}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|k'''õ'''rv]]}} || {{IPA|[kɘrv]}} || 'ear' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɤ}}}}; can be close-mid back {{IPAblink|ɤ}} or close back {{IPAblink|ɯ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|pp=368–369}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|pp=368–369}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|k'''õ'''rv]]}} || {{IPA|[kɘrv]}} || 'ear' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɤ}}}}; can be close-mid back {{IPAblink|ɤ}} or close back {{IPAblink|ɯ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|pp=368–369}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2013|p=234}}</ref> || [[German orthography|''bitt'''e''']] || {{Audio-IPA|De-bitte.ogg|[ˈbɪtə̝]}} || 'please' || Also described as mid {{IPAblink|ə}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kohler|1999|p=87}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lodge|2009|p=87}}</ref> See [[Standard German phonology]]
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}}</ref> || [[German orthography|''bitt'''e''']] || {{Audio-IPA|De-bitte.ogg|[ˈbɪtə̝]}} || 'please' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ə}}}}. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|-
| Many speakers<ref name="duden">{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 52}}. The source transcribes this sound with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɨː}}}}, but describes it as a strongly centralized (not "raised and centralized") {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, which it describes as close-mid.</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''Irr'''tum]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɘːtuːm]}} ||'error'|| Common alternative to the centering diphthong {{IPA|[ɪɐ̯]}}.<ref name="duden"/> May be transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɨː}}}}. See [[Standard German phonology]]
| Many speakers<ref name="duden2">{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 52}}. The source transcribes this sound with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɨː}}}}, but describes it as a strongly centralized (not "raised and centralized") {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, which it describes as close-mid.</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''Irr'''tum]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɘːtuːm]}} ||'error'|| Common alternative to the centering diphthong {{IPA|[ɪɐ̯]}}.<ref name="duden"/> May be transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɨː}}}}. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Munster Irish|Munster]]<ref name="muir">{{Harvcoltxt|Ó Sé|2000}}</ref> || [[Irish orthography|''sáil'''e''''']] || {{IPA|[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]}} || 'salt water' || Usually transcribed in IPA with {{IPA|[ɪ̽]}}. It is an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} next to non-[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] slender consonants.<ref name="muir"/> See [[Irish phonology]]
| [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Munster Irish|Munster]]<ref name="muir">{{Harvcoltxt|Ó Sé|2000}}</ref> || [[Irish orthography|''sáil'''e''''']] || {{IPA|[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]}} || 'salt water' || Usually transcribed in IPA with {{IPA|[ɪ̽]}}. It is an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} next to non-[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] slender consonants.<ref name="muir"/> See [[Irish phonology]]
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|isbn=1-85359-032-0
|isbn=1-85359-032-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2013
|orig-year=First published 2003
|title=Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-50650-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faVJTQIw9eQC
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
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|dead-url = yes
|dead-url = yes
|archive-date = 2015-05-11
|archive-date = 2015-05-11
}}
* {{citation
|last=Kohler
|first=Klaus J.
|year=1999
|chapter=German
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=86-89
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
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|pages=120–122
|pages=120–122
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
}}
* {{citation
|last=Lodge
|first=Ken
|year=2009
|title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation

Revision as of 22:19, 2 November 2018

Close-mid central unrounded vowel
ɘ
ë
ɤ̈
ə̝
IPA Number397
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#600;
Unicode (hex)U+0258
X-SAMPA@\
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)

The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a mirrored letter e, and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩ (Latin small letter e with umlaut, not Cyrillic small letter yo). Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel ⟨ɤ̈⟩.

The ⟨ɘ⟩ letter may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɘ̞⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.

Conversely, ⟨ə⟩, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a raising diacritic ⟨ə̝⟩ to denote the close-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic ⟨ə̝͑⟩ to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA ⟨ə⟩ is undefined for rounding).

To type this symbol on Windows, press and hold the ALT key while typing "600" using the number pad keys.

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Azerbaijani Standard qız [ɡɘz] 'girl' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɯ⟩.
Cotabato Manobo[3] [example needed] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.
Dinka Luanyjang[4] ŋeŋ [ŋɘ́ŋ] 'jawbone' Short allophone of /e/.[4]
English Australian[5][6] bird [bɘːd] 'bird' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. See Australian English phonology
Southern Michigan[7] [bɚ̝ːd] Rhotacized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚː⟩.
Cardiff[8] foot [fɘt] 'foot' Less often rounded [ɵ];[9] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
New Zealand[10] bit [bɘt] 'bit' Corresponds to /ɪ/ in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology
Southern American[11] nut [nɘt] 'nut' Some dialects.[11] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Estonian[12] kõrv [kɘrv] 'ear' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[12] See Estonian phonology
German Standard[13] bitte [ˈbɪtə̝]ⓘ 'please' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[14] Irrtum [ˈɘːtuːm] 'error' Common alternative to the centering diphthong [ɪɐ̯].[15] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨː⟩. See Standard German phonology
Irish Munster[16] sáile [ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝] 'salt water' Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[16] See Irish phonology
Jebero[17] [ˈiʃɘk] 'bat'
Kaingang[18] [ˈᵐbɘ] 'tail' Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[19]
Kalagan Kaagan[20] [miˈwə̝ːʔ] 'lost' Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[20]
Kensiu[21] [ɟɚ̝h] 'to trim' Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.[21]
Kera[22] [t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠] 'fire' Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[22]
Korean[23] 어른 [ə̝ːɾɯ̽n] 'senior' May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨əː⟩. See Korean phonology
Lizu[24] [Fkə̝] 'eagle' Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[24]
Mapudungun[25] elün [ë̝ˈlɘn] 'to leave (something)'
Mongolian[26] үсэр [usɘɾɘ̆] 'jump'
Mono[27] dœ [də̝] 'be (equative)' May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[27]
Polish[28] tymczasowy [t̪ɘ̟mt͡ʂäˈs̪ɔvɘ̟]ⓘ 'temporary' Somewhat fronted;[28] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology
Romanian Moldavian dialects[29] casă [ˈkäsɘ] 'house' Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian Some speakers[30] солнце [ˈs̪o̞n̪t̪͡s̪ɘ]ⓘ 'sun' Unstressed allophone of /ɨ/ after /t͡s/; other speakers realize it as near-close [ɨ̞].[30] See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[31] [example needed]
Temne[32] pər [pə̝́r] 'incite' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[32]
Vietnamese[33] vợ [vɘ˨˩ˀ] 'wife' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. See Vietnamese phonology
Xumi Upper[34] [LPmɘ̃dɐ] 'upstairs' Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[34] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[35]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[36] ne [nɘ] 'and' Most common realization of /e/.[36]

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ For example Collins & Mees (1990).
  3. ^ Kerr (1988:110)
  4. ^ a b Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119)
  5. ^ Cox (2006:?)
  6. ^ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
  7. ^ Hillenbrand (2003:122)
  8. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:93)
  9. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
  10. ^ Bauer et al. (2007)
  11. ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
  12. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), pp. 368–369.
  13. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34)
  14. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 52). The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ⟨ɨː⟩, but describes it as a strongly centralized (not "raised and centralized") [ɪ], which it describes as close-mid.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference duden was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b Ó Sé (2000)
  17. ^ Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
  18. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  19. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
  20. ^ a b Wendel & Wendel (1978:198)
  21. ^ a b Bishop (1996:230)
  22. ^ a b Pearce (2011:251)
  23. ^ Lee (1999:121)
  24. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013a:79)
  25. ^ Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
  26. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  27. ^ a b Olson (2004:235)
  28. ^ a b Jassem (2003:105) The source transcribes this sound with the symbol /ɨ/ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to [ɘ] than to [ɨ]
  29. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  30. ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969:38)
  31. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  32. ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
  33. ^ Hoang (1965:24)
  34. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389)
  35. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370)
  36. ^ a b Merrill (2008:109–110)

References

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013a), "Lizu" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242[permanent dead link]
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013b), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[permanent dead link]
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/[[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494 {{citation}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Hillenbrand, James M. (2003), "American English: Southern Michigan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
  • Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-06736-7
  • Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
  • Kerr, Harland (1988), "Cotabato Manobo Grammar" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1–123, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
  • Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-09 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
  • Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
  • Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), "Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191–203, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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