Open-mid central unrounded vowel: Difference between revisions

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| [[Scottish English|Scottish]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=167}} || {{IPA|[bɜ̠st]}} || Somewhat retracted; may be more back {{IPAslink|ʌ}} instead.
| [[Scottish English|Scottish]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=167}} || {{IPA|[bɜ̠st]}} || Somewhat retracted; may be more back {{IPAslink|ʌ}} instead.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Chemnitz dialect]]{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=236}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|p'''a'''sse]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɜsə]}} || "[I] pass" || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}.
| rowspan="3" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 40–41}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|od'''er''']]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-oder.ogg|[ˈoːdɐ̝]}} || 'or' || Phonetic realization of the sequence {{IPA|/ər/}}. The exact quality of the vowel varies from region to region; some regions retain the vowel+consonant realization.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=40–41}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɐ}}}}. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Chemnitz dialect]]{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=236}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|p'''a'''sse]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɜsə]}} || "[I] pass" || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}.
|-
|-
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=52}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|h'''err'''lich]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhɜːlɪç]}} || "fantastic" || Common alternative to the diphthong {{IPA|[ɛɐ̯]}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=52}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=52}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|h'''err'''lich]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhɜːlɪç]}} || "fantastic" || Common alternative to the diphthong {{IPA|[ɛɐ̯]}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=52}} See [[Standard German phonology]]

Revision as of 21:59, 2 November 2018

Open-mid central unrounded vowel
ɜ
ɛ̈
ə̞
ɐ̝
IPA Number326
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɜ
Unicode (hex)U+025C
X-SAMPA3
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)

The open-mid central unrounded vowel, or low-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɜ⟩. The IPA symbol is not the digit ⟨3⟩ or the Cyrillic small letter Ze (з). The symbol is instead a reversed Latinized variant of the lowercase epsilon, ɛ. The value was specified only in 1993; until then, it had been transcribed ⟨ɛ̈⟩.

The ⟨ɜ⟩ letter may be used with a raising diacritic ⟨ɜ̝⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel. It may also be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɜ̞⟩, to denote the near-open central unrounded vowel.

Conversely, ⟨ə⟩, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ə̞⟩ to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic ⟨ə̞͑⟩ to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA ⟨ə⟩ is undefined for rounding).

Similarly, the symbol for the near-open central vowel with a raising diacritic ⟨ɐ̝⟩ may be used instead of ⟨ɜ⟩. Again, an additional unrounding diacritic ⟨ɐ̝͑⟩ may be used to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA ⟨ɐ⟩ is also not definited for rounding).

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2] lig [lə̞χ] 'light' Also described as mid [ə],[3] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. See Afrikaans phonology
Chinese Cantonese[4] 心 / sam1 [sɐ̝m˥] 'heart' Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐ⟩. See Cantonese phonology
Shanghainese[5] [kə̞ʔ4] "to reform" Allophone of /ə/ in syllables closed by a glottal stop; may be as open as [ɐ] for some speakers.[6]
Cotabato Manobo[7] [bätɜʔ] "child" Allophone of /a/ before glottal consonants; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[7]
Dinka Luanyjang[8] [orthographic
form needed]		 [lɜ́ŋ] "berry" Short allophone of /a/.[8]
Dutch[9] grappig [ˈχɾɑpə̞χ] "funny" Possible realization of /ə/.[9] See Dutch phonology
English Received Pronunciation[10] bird [bɜːd] "bird" Sulcalized (the tongue is grooved like in [ɹ]). "Upper Crust RP" speakers pronounce a more open vowel [ɐː], but for most other speakers it is actually mid ([ɜ̝ː]). This vowel corresponds to rhotacized [ɝ] in rhotic dialects.
Norfolk[11] bet [bɜ̟ʔ] "bet" Somewhat fronted,[11] corresponds to /ɛ/ in other dialects.
General American[12][13] bust [bɜst] "bust" The most common realization of the vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩ in American English. Nevertheless, it is not a standard pronunciation throughout the whole country.[10][14]
Ohio[14]
Most of Texas[14]
Northern Welsh[15] Some speakers.[15] Corresponds to /ə/ or /ʌ/ in other Welsh dialects.[16]
Scottish[17] [bɜ̠st] Somewhat retracted; may be more back /ʌ/ instead.
German Standard{[18] oder [ˈoːdɐ̝]ⓘ 'or' Phonetic realization of the sequence /ər/. The exact quality of the vowel varies from region to region; some regions retain the vowel+consonant realization.[19] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐ⟩. See Standard German phonology
Chemnitz dialect[20] passe [ˈpɜsə] "[I] pass" Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.
Many speakers[21] herrlich [ˈhɜːlɪç] "fantastic" Common alternative to the diphthong [ɛɐ̯].[21] See Standard German phonology
Hausa[22] [example needed] Possible allophone of /a/, which can be as close as [ə] and as open as [ä].[22]
Jebero[23] [ˈkɘnmɜʔ] "indigenous person" Allophone of /a/ in closed syllables.[23]
Kaingang[24] [ˈɾɜ] "mark" Varies between central [ɜ] and back [ʌ].[25]
Kalagan Kaagan[26] [mɜˈt̪äs] "tall" Allophone of /a/; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[26]
Kallahan[27] [example needed]
Li'o Ke'o[28] [mə̞re] "dark" Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[28]
Mapudungun[29] füta [ˈfɘtɐ̝] "elderly person" Unstressed allophone of /ɐ/.[29]
Paicî[30] rë [ɾɜ] 'they' (prefix) May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.
Romanian Standard[31] măr [mə̞r] "apple" Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. See Romanian phonology
Transylvanian dialects[32] așa [aˈʂɜ] "such" Corresponds to [ä] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Sama Sibutu[33] [ˈsäpɜw] "roof" Allophone of /a/; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[33]
Sindhi[34] [sə̞rə̞] "funeral" Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.
Temne[35] pȧs [pɜ́s] "brew" Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.[35]
Xumi Upper[36] [Rbɜ] "pot, pan"
Yiddish Standard[37] ענלעך [ˈɛnlɜχ] "similar" Unstressed vowel.[37] See Yiddish phonology

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Wissing (2012), p. 711.
  3. ^ Wissing (2016), section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
  4. ^ Zee (1999), p. 59.
  5. ^ Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  6. ^ Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), pp. 328, 330.
  7. ^ a b Kerr (1988), pp. 110, 113.
  8. ^ a b Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 117, 119.
  9. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 129.
  10. ^ a b Ladefoged (1993), p. 82.
  11. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  12. ^ Gordon (2004b), p. 340.
  13. ^ Tillery & Bailey (2004), p. 333.
  14. ^ a b c Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28.
  15. ^ a b Tench (1990), p. 135.
  16. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 380–381.
  17. ^ Lodge (2009), p. 167.
  18. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 40–41.
  19. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 40–41.
  20. ^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  21. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 52.
  22. ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), pp. 90–91.
  23. ^ a b Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 101.
  24. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  25. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  26. ^ a b Wendel & Wendel (1978), p. 198.
  27. ^ Santiago (2010), pp. 1, 8–10.
  28. ^ a b Baird (2002), p. 94.
  29. ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 92.
  30. ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996), p. 118.
  31. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  32. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  33. ^ a b Allison (1979), p. 82.
  34. ^ Nihalani (1999), p. 132.
  35. ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010), p. 249.
  36. ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 388.
  37. ^ a b Kleine (2003), p. 263.

References

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  • Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Gordon, Matthew J.; Maddieson, Ian (1996), "The phonetics of Paici", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV, vol. 93, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 111–124
  • Gordon, Matthew (2004b), "The West and Midwest: phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, p. 340, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
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  • Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
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  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
  • Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 261–265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
  • Ladefoged, Peter (1993), A course in phonetics (3rd ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
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  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
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  • Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
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