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| membership_year = 2015
| membership_year = 2015
| ideology = [[Social democracy]]<ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/switzerland.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|author=Wolfram Nordsieck|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref><br>[[Democratic socialism]]<ref>http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/switzerland/parties.html</ref><br>[[Anti-capitalism]]<ref name="SRF2010"/><ref name="SRF2016"/><br>[[Pro-Europeanism]]
| ideology = [[Social democracy]]<ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/switzerland.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|author=Wolfram Nordsieck|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref><br>[[Democratic socialism]]<ref>http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/switzerland/parties.html</ref><br>[[Anti-capitalism]]<ref name="SRF2010"/><ref name="SRF2016"/><br>[[Pro-Europeanism]]
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref name="Schwok2009">{{cite book|author=René Schwok|chapter=Why Switzerland Refused to Join the European Union|title=Switzerland--European Union: An Impossible Membership?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8HZoBv4_MAC&pg=PA119|year=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-90-5201-576-7|page=119}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/switzerland/parties.html|title=Switzerland - Political parties &#124; European Election Database (EED)|publisher=''nsd.uib.no''|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref> to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]<ref>{{Cite book |first=Andreas |last=Ladner |title=Die Positionierung der Schweizer Parteien im internationalen Vergleich |work=Die Parteien in Bewegung: Nachbarschaft und Konflikte |publisher=NZZ Libro |year=2013 |page=213}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{cite book|author=The Economist Intelligence Unit|title=Switzerland--Country Overview|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=721636456&Country=Switzerland&topic=Summary&subtopic=Political+structure|year=2015|publisher=The Economist|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Swiss Confederation – a brief guide |author=Federal Chancellery, Communication Support |authorlink= | year=2016 |publisher=Swiss Confederation |location=Switzerland |isbn= |page=18 |url=https://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/index.html?lang=en&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCIeIJ_gWym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A-- |format=PDF|accessdate=December 11, 2016}}</ref>
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref name="Schwok2009">{{cite book|author=René Schwok|chapter=Why Switzerland Refused to Join the European Union|title=Switzerland--European Union: An Impossible Membership?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8HZoBv4_MAC&pg=PA119|year=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-90-5201-576-7|page=119}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/switzerland/parties.html|title=Switzerland - Political parties &#124; European Election Database (EED)|publisher=''nsd.uib.no''|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref> to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]<ref>{{Cite book |first=Andreas |last=Ladner |title=Die Positionierung der Schweizer Parteien im internationalen Vergleich |work=Die Parteien in Bewegung: Nachbarschaft und Konflikte |publisher=NZZ Libro |year=2013 |page=213}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{cite book|author=The Economist Intelligence Unit|title=Switzerland--Country Overview|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=721636456&Country=Switzerland&topic=Summary&subtopic=Political+structure|year=2015|publisher=The Economist|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Swiss Confederation – a brief guide |author=Federal Chancellery, Communication Support |authorlink= |year=2016 |publisher=Swiss Confederation |location=Switzerland |isbn= |page=18 |url=https://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/index.html?lang=en&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCIeIJ_gWym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A-- |format=PDF |accessdate=December 11, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220095659/https://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/index.html?lang=en&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCIeIJ_gWym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A-- |archivedate=December 20, 2016 |df= }}</ref>
| european = [[Party of European Socialists]] <small>(associate)</small>
| european = [[Party of European Socialists]] <small>(associate)</small>
| international = [[Socialist International]]<br>[[Progressive Alliance]]
| international = [[Socialist International]]<br>[[Progressive Alliance]]
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The party was founded on 21 October 1888, and is currently the second largest of the four leading coalition political parties in [[Switzerland]]. It is the only [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] party with representatives in the [[Swiss Federal Council]]. It is also the second largest political party in the [[Federal Assembly of Switzerland|Swiss parliament]]. The current members in the [[Swiss Federal Council]] are: [[Alain Berset]] and [[Simonetta Sommaruga]].
The party was founded on 21 October 1888, and is currently the second largest of the four leading coalition political parties in [[Switzerland]]. It is the only [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] party with representatives in the [[Swiss Federal Council]]. It is also the second largest political party in the [[Federal Assembly of Switzerland|Swiss parliament]]. The current members in the [[Swiss Federal Council]] are: [[Alain Berset]] and [[Simonetta Sommaruga]].


The SP is the biggest [[Pro-Europeanism|pro-European]] party in Switzerland and supports Swiss membership of the [[European Union]], unlike most other Swiss parties. Additionally, it is strongly opposed to [[capitalism]] and maintains a long-term goal of "overcoming capitalism."<ref name="SRF2010">{{cite web | title=Überwindung des Kapitalismus bleibt SP-Fernziel | url=http://www.srf.ch/sendungen/rendez-vous/ueberwindung-des-kapitalismus-bleibt-sp-fernziel | date=7 April 2010 | publisher=[[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen]] | accessdate=February 25, 2017 | language=de}}</ref><ref name="SRF2016">{{cite web | title=SP will die «Überwindung des Kapitalismus» konkretisieren | url=http://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/sp-will-die-ueberwindung-des-kapitalismus-konkretisieren | date=3 December 2016 | publisher=[[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen]] | accessdate=February 25, 2017 | language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Positionspapier sorgt für rote Köpfe bei Genossen | url=http://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/positionspapier-sorgt-fuer-rote-koepfe-bei-genossen | date=19 November 2016 | publisher=[[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen]] | accessdate=February 25, 2017 | language=de}}</ref> The party is a full member of the [[Socialist International]],<ref>[http://socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931 Progressive Politics For A Fairer World]. Socialist International. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.</ref> the [[Progressive Alliance (political international)|Progressive Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/ |title=Participants &#124; Progressive Alliance |publisher=Progressive-alliance.info |date=2015-10-28 |accessdate=2016-03-20}}</ref> and an associate affiliate of the [[Party of European Socialists]].<ref>[http://www.pes.eu/en/about-pes/pes-members/parties PES member parties | PES]. Pes.eu. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.</ref>
The SP is the biggest [[Pro-Europeanism|pro-European]] party in Switzerland and supports Swiss membership of the [[European Union]], unlike most other Swiss parties. Additionally, it is strongly opposed to [[capitalism]] and maintains a long-term goal of "overcoming capitalism."<ref name="SRF2010">{{cite web | title=Überwindung des Kapitalismus bleibt SP-Fernziel | url=http://www.srf.ch/sendungen/rendez-vous/ueberwindung-des-kapitalismus-bleibt-sp-fernziel | date=7 April 2010 | publisher=[[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen]] | accessdate=February 25, 2017 | language=de}}</ref><ref name="SRF2016">{{cite web | title=SP will die «Überwindung des Kapitalismus» konkretisieren | url=http://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/sp-will-die-ueberwindung-des-kapitalismus-konkretisieren | date=3 December 2016 | publisher=[[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen]] | accessdate=February 25, 2017 | language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Positionspapier sorgt für rote Köpfe bei Genossen | url=http://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/positionspapier-sorgt-fuer-rote-koepfe-bei-genossen | date=19 November 2016 | publisher=[[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen]] | accessdate=February 25, 2017 | language=de}}</ref> The party is a full member of the [[Socialist International]],<ref>[http://socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931 Progressive Politics For A Fairer World]. Socialist International. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.</ref> the [[Progressive Alliance (political international)|Progressive Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/ |title=Participants &#124; Progressive Alliance |publisher=Progressive-alliance.info |date=2015-10-28 |accessdate=2016-03-20}}</ref> and an associate affiliate of the [[Party of European Socialists]].<ref>[http://www.pes.eu/en/about-pes/pes-members/parties PES member parties | PES] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503194245/http://www.pes.eu/en/about-pes/pes-members/parties |date=2013-05-03 }}. Pes.eu. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 07:49, 9 December 2017

Social Democratic Party of Switzerland
Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz (SP) (German)
Parti socialiste suisse (PS) (French)
Partito Socialista Svizzero (PS) (Italian)
Partida Socialdemocrata de la Svizra (PS) (Romansh)
PresidentChristian Levrat
Members in Federal CouncilSimonetta Sommaruga
Alain Berset
Founded21 October 1888
HeadquartersSpitalgasse 34
CH-3001 Bern
Youth wingYoung Socialists Switzerland
Membership (2015)30,000[1]
IdeologySocial democracy[2]
Democratic socialism[3]
Anti-capitalism[4][5]
Pro-Europeanism
Political positionCentre-left[6][7] to left-wing[8][9][10]
European affiliationParty of European Socialists (associate)
International affiliationSocialist International
Progressive Alliance
Colours  Red
Federal Council
2 / 7
National Council
43 / 200
Council of States
12 / 46
Cantonal executives
28 / 154
Cantonal legislatures
459 / 2,609
Website
www.sp-ps.ch

The Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also rendered as Swiss Socialist Party; German: Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz, SP; French: Parti socialiste suisse, PS; Italian: Partito Socialista Svizzero; Romansh: Partida Socialdemocrata de la Svizra) is a political party in Switzerland. It is represented by two Federal Councilors since 1960 and got the second-most votes in the 2015 national elections.

The party was founded on 21 October 1888, and is currently the second largest of the four leading coalition political parties in Switzerland. It is the only left-wing party with representatives in the Swiss Federal Council. It is also the second largest political party in the Swiss parliament. The current members in the Swiss Federal Council are: Alain Berset and Simonetta Sommaruga.

The SP is the biggest pro-European party in Switzerland and supports Swiss membership of the European Union, unlike most other Swiss parties. Additionally, it is strongly opposed to capitalism and maintains a long-term goal of "overcoming capitalism."[4][5][11] The party is a full member of the Socialist International,[12] the Progressive Alliance,[13] and an associate affiliate of the Party of European Socialists.[14]

History

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With its foundation in October 1888, the Social Democratic Party was considered to be the main opposition to the Radicals in government and parliament. After the unsuccessful General strike in 1918, proportional representation was introduced which helped the SP gain 41 seats in parliament.[15] The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1927 and 1940.[16] After the strike the party took a softer line and in 1943 it became the strongest party in parliament, finally gaining a seat in the Federal Council. It picked up a second seat in 1959.[15] The party's historical archives is today hosted by the Swiss Social Archives.

Policies

The SP's positions in the Swiss political spectrum (2007).

The SP supports classical social democratic policies. To that rule, the SP stands for a government offering strong public services. The SP is against far-reaching economic liberalism, in favor of social progressivism, environmental policy with climate change mitigation, for an open foreign policy, and a national security policy based on pacifism.

In economic, financial, and social welfare policy, the SP rejects policies of economic liberalization such as deregulation, lowering taxes for high-income citizens, and decreases in government spending on social insurance. The SP also opposes raising the retirement age. In addition, the SP is a proponent of increasing welfare spending in some areas such as for a publicly financed maternity leave, universal health care and a flexible retirement age. In tax policy the SP opposes the notion of lowering taxes for high-income citizens. By campaigning for the harmonisation of all tax rates in Switzerland, the SP seeks more redistribution. The SP is skeptical toward the privatization of state enterprises. Nonetheless, the SP also promotes more competition in the areas of agriculture and parallel imports.

In social policy, the SP is committed to social equity and an open society. Thus, the SP aims at making working conditions for women in families easier by promoting more external childcare centers and more opportunities for part-time jobs. It also aims at reinforcing sexual equality in terms of eliminating wage differences based on gender, supports civil union for homosexuals and takes an easier stance toward abortions. The SP also rejects strengthening restrictions on asylum seekers and immigrants. Thus, it supports the integration of immigrants by which the immigrants are assigned to immigration procedures immediately after entering the country. The SP has a liberal stance toward drugs and is in favor of publicly regulated heroin consumption and the legalization of cannabis. Nevertheless, the SP supports the smoking ban in restaurants and bars.

In foreign policy the SP promotes further participation by Switzerland in international organizations. It supports immediate entry of Switzerland into the European Union. The SP also stands for a less strict neutrality of Switzerland, and supports increased international efforts on the part of Switzerland in the areas of peace and human rights. However, the SP supports keeping the military neutrality and opposes entry into NATO. Its pacifist stance is also reflected in its military policy: The SP supports reducing the number of Swiss militia while making the military apparatus more professional and scrapping conscription. Another demand of the SP is to end the tradition of gun ownership, using severe and recent examples of abuse in terms of murder as proof.

Together with the Green Party of Switzerland, the Social Democrats have common environmentalist policies, which are reflected in the expansion of ecotax reforms and increased state support for energy saving measures and renewable energies. The SP is against the construction of new roads where possible and instead proposes to shift the transportation of goods from the roads to the railways and the introduction of a cap and trade and traffic management system when it comes to transportation across the Swiss Alps. Furthermore, the SP stands for an expansion of the public transportation system network and opposes nuclear energy.

Popular support

Percentages of the SP at district level in 2011
Strongest in urban areas, the Social Democrats' support is spread across the country. They hold a quarter of seats in cantonal parliaments, but are the largest party in only one: Basel-Stadt (coloured red above).

In 2003, it held 52 mandates (out of 200) in the Swiss National Council (first chamber of the Swiss parliament); 9 (out of 46) in the second chamber and 2 out of 7 mandates in the Swiss Federal Council (executive body). By 2005, it held 23.8% of the seats in the Swiss Cantonal governments and 23.2% in the Swiss Cantonal parliaments (index "BADAC", weighted with the population and number of seats). At the latest legislative elections on 18 October 2015, the party won 18.8% of the popular vote and 43 out of 200 seats.[17]

Parliamentary election results since 1971

Nationalrat
Year Votes Seats Rank (seats)
# % ± pp # ±
1971[18] 452,195 22.9% – 0.6
46 / 200
 Decrease 4 2nd
1975[18] 477,125 24.9% + 2.0
55 / 200
 Increase 9 2nd
1979[18] 443,794 24.4% – 0.5
51 / 200
 Decrease 4 2nd
1983[18] 444,365 22.8% – 1.6
47 / 200
 Decrease 4 2nd
1987[18] 353,334 18.4% – 4.4
41 / 200
 Decrease 6 3rd
1991[18] 373,664 18.5% + 0.1
41 / 200
 Steady 0 2nd
1995[18] 410,136 21.8% + 3.3
54 / 200
 Increase 13 2nd
1999[18] 438,555 22.5% – 0.7
51 / 200
 Decrease 3 3rd
2003[18] 490,392 23.3% + 0.8
52 / 200
 Increase 1 2nd
2007[18] 450,308 19.5% – 3.8
43 / 200
[18] 		Decrease 9 2nd
2011[18] 451,236 18.7% – 0.8
46 / 200
[18] 		Increase 3 2nd
2015[17] 475,071 18.8% + 0.1
43 / 200
 Decrease 3 2nd

Party strength over time

Canton 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015
Percentage of the total vote for the Social Democratic Party in Federal Elections 1971-2015[19]
Switzerland 22.9 24.9 24.4 22.8 18.4 18.5 21.8 22.5 23.3 19.5 18.7 18.8
Zürich 20.9 23.9 26.5 23.0 17.4 18.8 23.1 25.6 25.7 19.8 19.3 21.4
Bern 31.0 31.0 30.5 28.3 22.3 20.0 24.7 27.6 27.9 21.2 19.3 19.7
Luzern 12.4 13.4 12.5 11.8 9.0 11.0 11.7 10.0 11.1 11.5 11.5 13.6
Uri *a * 23.0 * * * * * * * 21.5 *
Schwyz 29.0 29.3 22.6 21.0 14.3 19.4 19.9 16.4 17.6 13.9 15.7 13.1
Obwalden * * * * * * * * * 11.6 * *
Nidwalden * * 10.6 * * * * * * * * *
Glarus 57.2 64.7 * * * 53.7 83.9 85.7 67.1 55.5 24.6 45.0
Zug * 35.7 30.9 22.8 22.6 16.1 17.0 23.3 13.4 9.1 5.3 13.8
Fribourg 19.9 25.7 30.7 24.0 22.2 18.6 17.3 20.3 21.5 22.7 26.7 24.2
Solothurn 26.3 31.4 28.4 27.8 22.3 19.8 24.2 27.2 25.4 19.5 18.3 20.0
Basel-Stadt 30.4 33.3 33.3 31.0 25.9 25.3 35.5 33.3 40.9 35.2 29.1 33.3
Basel-Landschaft 28.2 30.3 31.4 32.5 22.8 24.4 25.3 23.3 24.7 25.2 24.4 22.2
Schaffhausen 40.2 37.2 35.3 35.4 39.2 34.2 37.8 33.6 39.7 34.2 34.6 28.8
Appenzell A.Rh. 37.4 40.1 * 23.6 * * 21.9 29.6 19.9 * * 28.6
Appenzell I.Rh. * * * * * * * * * * 20.3 18.1
St. Gallen 14.6 15.1 18.0 16.3 11.4 13.1 16.2 17.1 18.4 14.7 16.7 14.2
Graubünden 13.9 15.2 20.5 24.6 19.5 21.2 21.6 26.6 24.9 23.7 15.6 17.6
Aargau 23.9 24.2 27.6 27.5 18.5 17.4 19.4 18.7 21.2 17.9 18.0 16.1
Thurgau 20.7 21.6 22.4 19.5 13.4 15.1 18.1 16.1 14.1 11.7 12.1 12.7
Ticino 13.1 13.9 15.2 13.8 9.3 6.7 17.1 18.8 25.8 18.1 16.6 15.9
Vaud 25.0 27.6 24.9 21.9 22.5 22.9 22.7 22.4 21.7 22.0 25.2 22.2
Valais 15.4 17.4 11.6 14.1 14.5 14.5 16.6 16.9 19.1 14.7 14.6 13.3
Neuchâtel 30.6 38.9 37.4 33.1 30.8 29.8 28.2 28.0 29.2 25.9 24.7 23.7
Genève 19.1 22.6 21.5 19.2 18.6 26.4 30.0 20.0 24.8 19.1 19.1 19.9
Jura b b * 17.8 25.5 28.8 32.4 34.2 34.2 36.9 30.8 23.7
1.^a * indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
2.^b Part of the Canton of Bern until 1979.

Presidents

1888–1889 Alexander Reichel
1890–1891 Albert Steck
1892–1894 Eugen Wullschleger
1894–1896 Wilhelm Fürholz
1897 Karl Zgraggen
1898 Paul Brandt
1898–1901 Otto Lang
1901–1902 Joseph Albisser
1902–1908 Gottfried Reimann
1909–1910 Eduard Kessler
1911 Hans Näher
1912–1916 Fritz Studer
1916–1917 Emil Klöti
1918 Jakob Gschwend
1919 Gustav Müller
1919–1936 Ernst Reinhard
1937–1952 Hans Oprecht
1953–1962 Walther Bringolf
1962–1970 Fritz Grütter
1970–1974 Arthur Schmid
1974–1990 Helmut Hubacher
1990–1997 Peter Bodenmann
1997–2000 Ursula Koch
2000–2004 Christiane Brunner
2004–2008 Hans-Jürg Fehr
Since 2008 Christian Levrat

Members of the Swiss Federal Council

1943–1951 Ernst Nobs
1951–1953 Max Weber
1959–1969 Willy Spühler
1959–1973 Hans-Peter Tschudi
1969–1977 Pierre Graber
1973–1983 Willy Ritschard
1977–1987 Pierre Aubert
1987–1993 René Felber
1983–1995 Otto Stich
1993–2002 Ruth Dreifuss
1995–2010 Moritz Leuenberger
2002–2011 Micheline Calmy-Rey
Since 2010 Simonetta Sommaruga
Since 2011 Alain Berset

Notes and references

  1. ^ The Swiss Confederation — A Brief Guide (PDF). Federal Chancellery. 2015. p. 18. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  2. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  3. ^ http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/switzerland/parties.html
  4. ^ a b "Überwindung des Kapitalismus bleibt SP-Fernziel" (in German). Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 7 April 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  5. ^ a b "SP will die «Überwindung des Kapitalismus» konkretisieren" (in German). Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 3 December 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  6. ^ René Schwok (2009). "Why Switzerland Refused to Join the European Union". Switzerland--European Union: An Impossible Membership?. Peter Lang. p. 119. ISBN 978-90-5201-576-7.
  7. ^ "Switzerland - Political parties | European Election Database (EED)". nsd.uib.no. Retrieved 21 July 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ Ladner, Andreas (2013). Die Positionierung der Schweizer Parteien im internationalen Vergleich. NZZ Libro. p. 213. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit (2015). Switzerland--Country Overview. The Economist. p. 1.
  10. ^ Federal Chancellery, Communication Support (2016). The Swiss Confederation – a brief guide. Switzerland: Swiss Confederation. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Positionspapier sorgt für rote Köpfe bei Genossen" (in German). Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 19 November 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  12. ^ Progressive Politics For A Fairer World. Socialist International. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
  13. ^ "Participants | Progressive Alliance". Progressive-alliance.info. 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  14. ^ PES member parties | PES Archived 2013-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Pes.eu. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
  15. ^ a b Social Democratic Party. swissinfo.ch (2007-11-30). Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
  16. ^ Kowalski, Werner. Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 323
  17. ^ a b Bundesamt für Statistik. "Nationalratswahlen: Übersicht Schweiz". Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Grossenbacher, Timo (2015-09-30). "Party strongholds and political battlefields 1971−2011 - SWI". Swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  19. ^ Nationalratswahlen 2015: Der Wandel der Parteienlandschaft seit 1971 (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland&oldid=814516631"