Legal status of same-sex marriage: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 09:00, 3 November 2017

A same-sex marriage is a marriage of a same-sex couple. The legal status of same-sex marriage has changed in recent years in numerous jurisdictions around the world. The current trends and consensus of political authorities and religions throughout the world are summarized in this article.

Civil recognition

The Netherlands^{[nb 1]} was the first country to legalize same-sex marriages, with the first marriages performed in the Amsterdam city hall on 1 April 2001. Since then, same-sex marriages have been performed legally in Belgium (2003), Spain (2005), Canada (2005), South Africa (2006), Norway (2009), Sweden (2009), Portugal (2010), Iceland (2010), Argentina (2010), Denmark^{[nb 2]} (2012), Brazil (2013), France (2013), Uruguay (2013), New Zealand^{[nb 3]} (2013), the United Kingdom^{[nb 4]} (2014), Luxembourg (2015), the United States^{[nb 5]} (2015), Ireland (2015), Colombia (2016), Finland (2017), Germany (2017) and Malta (2017).

In Mexico, same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City (2010)^[1] and in ten states: Quintana Roo (2012), Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Colima (2016), Michoacán (2016), Morelos (2016) and Chiapas (2017), as well as in some municipalities of Guerrero (2015), but same-sex marriages are legally recognized throughout the country.

Opinion polls

Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country

Same-sex marriage performed nationwide

Same-sex marriage performed in some parts of the country

Civil unions or registered partnerships nationwide

Civil unions or registered partnerships pending

Same-sex sexual activity is illegal

Country	Pollster	Year	For^[a]	Against^[a]	Neither^[b]	Margin of error	Ref.
Albania	IPSOS	2023	26%	73% (74%)	1%		^[2]
Andorra	Institut d'Estudis Andorrans	2013	70% (79%)	19% (21%)	11%		^[3]
Antigua and Barbuda	AmericasBarometer	2017	12%	–	–		^[4]
Argentina	Ipsos	2023	70% (81%)	16% [8% support some rights] (19%)	14% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Argentina	Pew Research Center	2023	67% (72%)	26% (28%)	7%	±3.6%	^[6]
Armenia	Pew Research Center	2015	3% (3%)	96% (97%)	1%	±3%	^[7] ^[8]
Aruba		2021	46%				^[9]
Australia	Ipsos	2023	63% (70%)	27% [16% support some rights] (30%)	10% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Australia	Pew Research Center	2023	75% (77%)	23%	2%	±3.6%	^[6]
Austria	Eurobarometer	2019	66% (69%)	30% (31%)	4%		^[10]
Bahamas	AmericasBarometer	2015	11%	–	–		^[11]
Belarus	Pew Research Center	2015	16% (16%)	81% (84%)	3%	±4%	^[7] ^[8]
Belgium	Ipsos	2023	72% (81%)	17% [9% support some rights] (19%)	10% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Belize	AmericasBarometer	2014	8%	–	–		^[11]
Bolivia	AmericasBarometer	2017	35%	65%	–	±1.0%	^[4]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Pew Research Center	2015–2016	13% (14%)	84% (87%)	4%	±4%	^[7] ^[8]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	IPSOS	2023	26% (27%)	71% (73%)	3%		^[2]
Brazil	Ipsos	2023	51% (64%)	29% [15% support some rights] (36%)	20% not sure	±3.5% ^[c]	^[5]
Brazil	Pew Research Center	2023	52% (57%)	40% (43%)	8%	±3.6%	^[6]
Bulgaria	Eurobarometer	2019	16% (18%)	74% (82%)	10%		^[10]
Cambodia	Pew Research Center	2023	57% (58%)	42%	1%		^[6]
Canada	Ipsos	2023	69% (80%)	17% [7% support some rights] (20%)	15% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Canada	Pew Research Center	2023	79% (84%)	15% (16%)	6%	±3.6%	^[6]
Chile	Ipsos	2023	65% (73%)	24% [18% support some rights] (27%)	12%	±3.5%	^[5]
China	Ipsos	2021	43% (52%)	39% [20% support some rights] (48%)	18% not sure	±3.5% ^[c]	^[12]
Colombia	Ipsos	2023	49% (60%)	33% [21% support some rights] (40%)	18%		^[5]
Costa Rica	CIEP	2018	35%	64%	1%		^[13]
Croatia	Eurobarometer	2019	39% (41%)	55% (59%)	6%		^[10]
Cuba	Apretaste	2019	63%	37%	–		^[14]
Cyprus	Eurobarometer	2019	36% (38%)	60% (62%)	4%		^[10]
Czech Republic	Median agency	2019	67%	–	–		^[15]
Denmark	Eurobarometer	2019	89% (92%)	8% (8%)	3%		^[10]
Dominica	AmericasBarometer	2017	10%	90%	–	±1.1%	^[4]
Dominican Republic	CDN 37	2018	45%	55%	-		^[16]
Ecuador	AmericasBarometer	2019	23% (31%)	51% (69%)	26%		^[17]
El Salvador	Universidad Francisco Gavidia	2021		82.5%	–		^[18]
Estonia	HumanrightsEE	2023	53% (58%)	39% (42%)	8%		^[19]
Finland	Eurobarometer	2019	76% (78%)	21% (22%)	3%		^[10]
France	Ipsos	2023	66% (73%)	25% [15% support some rights] (27%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
France	Pew Research Center	2023	82% (85%)	14% (15%)	4%	±3.6%	^[6]
Georgia	Women's Initiatives Supporting Group	2021	10% (12%)	75% (88%)	15%		^[20]
Germany	Ipsos	2023	62% (71%)	25% [12% support some rights] (29%)	14% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Germany	Pew Research Center	2023	80% (82%)	18%	2%	±3.6%	^[6]
Greece	Pew Research Center	2023	48% (49%)	49% (51%)	3%	±3.6%	^[6]
Greece	Eurobarometer	2023	57% (59%)	40% (41%)	3%		^[21]
Grenada	AmericasBarometer	2017	12%	88%	–	±1.4%c	^[4]
Guatemala	AmericasBarometer	2017	23%	77%	–	±1.1%	^[4]
Guyana	AmericasBarometer	2017	21%	79%	–	±1.3%	^[11]
Haiti	AmericasBarometer	2017	5%	95%	–	±0.3%	^[4]
Honduras	CID Gallup	2018	17% (18%)	75% (82%)	8%		^[22]
Hong Kong	Pew Research Center	2023	58% (59%)	40% (41%)	2%		^[6]
Hungary	Ipsos	2023	47% (57%)	36% [20% support some rights] (43%)	18% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Hungary	Pew Research Center	2023	31% (33%)	64% (67%)	5%	±3.6%	^[6]
Iceland	Gallup	2006	89%	11%	–		^[23]
India	Pew Research Center	2023	53% (55%)	43% (45%)	4%	±3.6%	^[6]
Indonesia	Pew Research Center	2023	5%	92% (95%)	3%	±3.6%	^[6]
Ireland	Ipsos	2023	64% (72%)	25% [13% support some rights] (28%)	11%		^[5]
Israel	Pew Research Center	2023	36% (39%)	56% (61%)	8%	±3.6%	^[6]
Italy	Ipsos	2023	61% (67%)	30% [21% support some rights] (33%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Italy	Pew Research Center	2023	73% (75%)	25%	2%	±3.6%	^[6]
Jamaica	AmericasBarometer	2017	16%	84%	–	±1.0%	^[4]
Japan	Kyodo News	2023	64% (72%)	25% (28%)	11%		^[24]
	Asahi Shimbun	2023	72% (80%)	18% (20%)	10%		^[25]
	Ipsos	2023	38% (49%)	40% [31% support some rights] (51%)	22% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
	Pew Research Center	2023	68% (72%)	26% (28%)	6%	±2.75%	^[6]
Kazakhstan	Pew Research Center	2016	7% (7%)	89% (93%)	4%		^[7] ^[8]
Kenya	Pew Research Center	2023	9%	90% (91%)	1%	±3.6%	^[6]
Kosovo	IPSOS	2023	20% (21%)	77% (79%)	3%		^[2]
Latvia	Eurobarometer	2019	24% (26%)	70% (74%)	6%		^[10]
Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein Institut	2021	72%	28%	0%		^[26]
Lithuania	Eurobarometer	2019	30% (32%)	63% (68%)	7%		^[10]
Luxembourg	Eurobarometer	2019	85% (90%)	9% (10%)	6%		^[10]
Malaysia	Pew Research Center	2023	17%	82% (83%)	1%		^[6]
Malta	Eurobarometer	2019	67% (73%)	25% (27%)	8%		^[10]
Mexico	Ipsos	2023	58% (67%)	28% [17% support some rights] (33%)	14% not sure	±4.8% ^[c]	^[5]
Mexico	Pew Research Center	2023	63% (66%)	32% (34%)	5%	±3.6%	^[6]
Moldova	Pew Research Center	2015	5% (5%)	92% (95%)	3%	±4%	^[7] ^[8]
Montenegro	IPSOS	2023	36% (37%)	61% (63%)	3%		^[2]
Mozambique (3 cities)	Lambda	2017	28% (32%)	60% (68%)	12%		^[27]
Netherlands	Ipsos	2023	80% (85%)	14% [6% support some rights] (15%)	7% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Netherlands	Pew Research Center	2023	89% (90%)	10%	1%	±3.6%	^[6]
New Zealand	Ipsos	2023	70% (78%)	20% [11% support some rights] (22%)	9%	±3.5%	^[5]
Nicaragua	AmericasBarometer	2017	25%	75%	–	±1.0%	^[4]
Nigeria	Pew Research Center	2023	2%	97% (98%)	1%	±3.6%	^[6]
North Macedonia	IPSOS	2023	20% (21%)	78% (80%)	2%		^[2]
Norway	Pew Research Center	2017	72% (79%)	19% (21%)	9%		^[7] ^[8]
Panama	AmericasBarometer	2017	22%	78%	–	±1.1%	^[4]
Paraguay	AmericasBarometer	2017	26%	74%	–	±0.9%	^[4]
Peru	Ipsos	2023	41% (51%)	40% [24% support some rights] (49%)	19%	±3.5% ^[c]	^[5]
Philippines	SWS	2018	22% (26%)	61% (73%)	16%		^[28]
Poland	Ipsos	2023	32% (36%)	57% [35% support some rights] (64%)	11%	±3.5%	^[5]
	Pew Research Center	2023	41% (43%)	54% (57%)	5%	±3.6%	^[6]
	United Surveys by IBRiS	2024	50% (55%)	41% (45%)	9%		^[29]
Portugal	Ipsos	2023	80% (84%)	15% [11% support some rights] (16%)	5%		^[5]
Romania	Ipsos	2023	25% (30%)	59% [26% support some rights] (70%)	17%	±3.5%	^[5]
Russia	Ipsos	2021	17% (21%)	64% [12% support some rights] (79%)	20% not sure	±4.8% ^[c]	^[12]
Russia	FOM	2019	7% (8%)	85% (92%)	8%	±3.6%	^[30]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	AmericasBarometer	2017	9%	91%	–	±1.0%	^[4]
Saint Lucia	AmericasBarometer	2017	11%	89%	–	±0.9%	^[4]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	AmericasBarometer	2017	4%	96%	–	±0.6%	^[4]
Serbia	Civil Rights Defender	2020	26%	–	–	±3.33%	^[31]
Serbia	IPSOS	2023	24% (25%)	73% (75%)	3%		^[2]
Singapore	Ipsos	2023	32% (39%)	50% [23% support some rights] (61%)	19%	±3.5%	^[5]
Singapore	Pew Research Center	2023	45% (47%)	51% (53%)	4%		^[6]
Slovakia	Focus	2024	36% (38%)	60% (62%)	4%		^[32]
Slovenia	Eurobarometer	2019	62% (64%)	35% (36%)	3%		^[10]
South Africa	Ipsos	2023	57% (66%)	29% [10% support some rights] (34%)	14%	±3.5% ^[c]	^[5]
South Africa	Pew Research Center	2023	38% (39%)	59% (61%)	3%	±3.6%	^[6]
South Korea	Ipsos	2023	35% (45%)	42% [18% support some rights] (55%)	23% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
South Korea	Pew Research Center	2023	41% (42%)	56% (58%)	3%		^[6]
Spain	Ipsos	2023	78% (82%)	17% [12% support some rights] (18%)	5% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Spain	Pew Research Center	2023	87% (90%)	10%	3%	±3.6%	^[6]
Sri Lanka	Pew Research Center	2023	23% (25%)	69% (75%)	8%		^[6]
Suriname	AmericasBarometer	2014	18%	–	–		^[11]
Sweden	Ipsos	2023	75% (82%)	16% [7% support some rights] (18%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Sweden	Pew Research Center	2023	92% (94%)	6%	2%	±3.6%	^[6]
Switzerland	Ipsos	2023	54% (61%)	34% [16% support some rights] (39%)	13% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Taiwan	CNA	2023	63%	37%			^[33]
Taiwan	Pew Research Center	2023	45% (51%)	43% (49%)	12%		^[6]
Thailand	Ipsos	2023	55% (65%)	29% [18% support some rights] (35%)	16% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
Thailand	Pew Research Center	2023	60% (65%)	32% (35%)	8%		^[6]
Trinidad and Tobago	AmericasBarometer	2014	16%	–	–		^[11]
Turkey	Ipsos	2023	20% (28%)	52% [22% support some rights] (72%)	28% not sure	±3.5% ^[c]	^[5]
Ukraine	Rating	2023	37% (47%)	42% (53%)	22%	±1.5%	^[34]
United Kingdom	YouGov	2023	77% (84%)	15% (16%)	8%		^[35]
	Ipsos	2023	64% (70%)	27% [14% support some rights] (30%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
	Pew Research Center	2023	74% (77%)	22% (23%)	4%	±3.6%	^[6]
United States	Ipsos	2023	54% (64%)	31% [14% support some rights] (36%)	15% not sure	±3.5%	^[5]
United States	Pew Research Center	2023	63% (65%)	34% (35%)	3%	±3.6%	^[6]
Uruguay	Equipos Consultores	2019	78% (68%)	20% (32%)	2%		^[36]
Venezuela	Equilibrium Cende	2023	55% (63%)	32% (37%)	13%		^[37]
Vietnam	Pew Research Center	2023	65% (68%)	30% (32%)	5%		^[6]

Africa

South Africa is the only African country that legally recognizes same-sex marriage.

South Africa

In December 2005, in the case of Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie, the Constitutional Court of South Africa ruled unanimously that bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The Court gave Parliament one year to change the laws, or same-sex marriage would be legalized by default.

In November 2006, Parliament passed the Civil Union Act, under which both same-sex and opposite-sex couples may contract unions. A union under the Civil Union Act may, at the choice of the spouses, be called either a marriage or a civil partnership; whichever name is chosen, the legal effect is identical to that of a traditional marriage under the Marriage Act. Both religious and civil officials may refuse to perform same-sex marriages.^[38]

Asia

No country in Asia currently performs same-sex marriages, and only Israel recognizes same-sex marriages performed overseas.

However, on 24 May 2017 the Constitutional Court in Taiwan ruled that same-sex couples have a right to marry, and gave the legislature two years to adequately amend Taiwanese marriage laws. As a result of the ruling, Taiwan may become the first country in Asia to recognize same-sex marriage.^[39]

Cambodia

In 2004, King Norodom Sihanouk, announced that he supports legislation extending marriage rights to same-sex couples.^[40]

In 2011, a ban prohibiting gay marriage was abolished, making same-sex marriages neither illegal or legal. Some village chiefs may occasionally issue marriage certificates to same-sex couples if one of them is willing to identify as the opposite sex on the marriage license.^[41]

China

Same-sex marriage is not legally recognized. Article 2 of the Marriage Law declares "one husband and one wife" as one of the principles guiding marriages. The principle, first codified in 1950, was intended to outlaw polygamy, but is now also interpreted to disallow same-sex marriages. Many other articles of the same law also assumes the marriage is a heterosexual union.^{[citation needed]}

The National People's Congress proposed legislation allowing same-sex marriages in 2003. During the course of the debate, the proposal failed to garner the 30 votes needed for a placement on the agenda.^{[citation needed]}

In 2009, changes to Hong Kong's Domestic and Cohabitation Relationships Ordinance were made to protect same-sex partners.^[42] On 13 May 2013, the Court of Final Appeal, in a 4:1 decision, gave transgender people the right to marry as their identified gender rather than their biological sex at birth.^{[citation needed]}

On 5 January 2016, a court in Changsha agreed to hear a lawsuit against the Bureau of Civil Affairs of Furong District for its June 2015 refusal to let a gay marry his partner.^[43] On 13 April 2016, the court ruled against the couple. They vowed to appeal, citing the importance of his case for LGBT progress in China.^[44]

Currently, Hong Kong and Beijing will grant spousal visas to same-sex couples. These documents allow the same-sex partners expatriates to live in China, though only one member of the couple may work. In Hong Kong, this visa must be renewed every six months and does not grant the right to work or earn permanent residency.^[45]

India

Same-sex marriage is not explicitly prohibited under Indian law, but it is emphasized in heteronormativity.

Israel

Marriages in Israel are performed under the authority of the religious authorities to which the couple belong. For Jewish couples the responsible religious authority is the orthodox Chief Rabbinate of Israel. The Rabbinate does not permit same-sex marriages. However, on 21 November 2006 the Supreme Court of Israel ruled that five same-sex Israeli couples who had married in Canada were entitled to have their marriages registered in Israel.^[46]

Japan

Article 24 of the Japanese constitution states that "Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis." The purpose of the clause was to counter previous feudal arrangement where the father or husband was legally recognized as the head of the household. However, the new constitution had the unintended consequence of defining the marriage as union of "both sexes", i.e. man and woman.^{[citation needed]} However, on 27 March 2009, it was reported that Japan has given the green light for its nationals to marry same-sex foreign partners in countries where same-sex marriage is legal, a justice ministry official said.^[47] Japan does not allow same-sex marriages domestically and has so far also refused to issue a key document required for citizens to wed overseas if the applicant's intended spouse was of the same gender. Under the change, the justice ministry has told local authorities to issue the key certificate—which states a person is single and of legal age—for those who want to enter same-sex marriages.

Nepal

Nepal's highest court, in November 2008, issued final judgment on matters related to LGBT rights.^[48]^[49] A new Nepalese constitution, approved by the Constituent Assembly on 16 September 2015, includes several provisions pertaining to the rights of LGBT people. Based on the ruling of the Supreme Court of Nepal in late 2008, the government was looking into legalising same-sex marriage. According to several sources, the new constitution was expected to include it. However, the new constitution appears not to address that topic explicitly.^[50]^[51]

Philippines

The New People's Army of the Philippines conducted the country's first same-sex marriage in 2005. However it was not recognized by the government. Within the government there has been some debate on the issue of same-sex unions. The Roman Catholic Church stands in fierce opposition to any such unions. But since 1991 the Metropolitan Community Church Philippines has been conducting same-sex holy unions in the Philippines. As of 2010, the issue of same-sex marriage is not "under consideration" in the Philippines. The only thing under consideration is a possible ban on same-sex marriage, including refusal to recognize marriages performed overseas. Political parties such as the Gabriela Women's Partylist are actively lobbying and advocating for lesbian and gay rights and to insist that society not discriminate on the basis of sexual preference.^[52]

South Korea

On 30 July 2004, the Democratic Labor Party of South Korea filed a formal complaint against the Incheon District Court's decision to refuse recognition of same-sex marriages. The complaint was filed on the grounds that the decision is unconstitutional, because neither the Constitution nor civil law define marriage as being between a man and a woman (the only mentioned requisite is age of majority) and that the Constitution explicitly forbids discrimination "pertaining to all political, economic, social, or cultural aspects of life of an individual." The Committee also claimed that refusal to recognize same-sex marriages constitutes discrimination based on sexual orientation and a refusal to provide equal protection under the law.^[53]

Taiwan

In 2003, the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan), led by the Presidential office, proposed legislation granting marriages to same-sex couples under the Human Rights Basic Law. However, it has not proceeded. Currently, "Same-sex couples can legally register their partnerships in 11 of Taiwan’s cities and counties that account for 80 percent of the country’s population."

On 22 December 2014, a proposed amendment to the Civil Code which would legalize same-sex marriage was due to go under review by the Judiciary Committee. If the amendment passes the committee stage it will then be voted on at the plenary session of the Legislative Yuan in 2015. The amendment, called the marriage equality amendment, would insert neutral terms into the Civil Code replacing ones that imply heterosexual marriage, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage. It would also allow same-sex couples to adopt children. Yu Mei-nu of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), who is the convener of the current legislative session, has expressed support for the amendment, as have more than 20 other DPP lawmakers as well as two from the Taiwan Solidarity Union and one each from the Kuomintang and the People First Party.^[54]

The Constitutional Court ruled on 24 May 2017 that current laws, which say that marriage is between a man and a woman, are unconstitutional. The panel of judges has given the island's parliament, known as the Legislative Yuan, two years to amend or enact new laws, which could potentially make Taiwan the first place in Asia to allow same-sex marriage.^[55] The Court further stipulated that should the Legislative Yuan fail to amend or enact laws legalizing same-sex marriage within two years, same-sex couples will be able to marry by going through current marriage registration processes at any household registration office, and Taiwan will officially be the first country in Asia to allow same-sex marriage.

Europe

Same-sex civil marriages are legally recognized nationwide in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland, Jersey, Alderney and Sark), Luxembourg, Ireland, Malta, Germany and Finland. In a number of other European countries, same-sex civil unions give similar or identical rights to marriage.

A poll conducted by EOS Gallup Europe in 2003 found that 57 percent of the population in the then 15-member European Union support same-sex marriage. The support among the member states who joined in 2004 is lower (around 28 percent), meaning that 53 percent of citizens in the 28-member EU support legalizing same-sex marriage.^[56]

Albania

Albania's government announced its intention to propose a bill allowing same-sex marriage in 2009. However, the bill had not been presented.^[57]

Belgium

On 1 June 2003, Belgium became the second country in the world to legally recognise same-sex marriage.

Cyprus

Civil cohabitations have been legal in Cyprus since 11 December 2015. The bill to establish civil cohabitation was approved by the parliament on 26 November 2015 with a 39-12 vote.^[58]^[59] It was published in the official gazette on 11 December 2015 and took effect upon publication.^[60]

Czech Republic

On 15 March 2006, the parliament of the Czech Republic voted to override a presidential veto and allow same-sex partnerships to be recognised by law, effective 1 July 2006, granting registered couples inheritance and health care rights similar to married couples. The legislation did not grant adoption rights. The parliament had previously rejected similar legislation four times.^[61]^[62]

Denmark

On 15 June 2012, Denmark became the eleventh country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage.

Finland

Registered partnerships have been legally performed in Finland between 2002-2017. Legislation for same-sex marriage was submitted by individual members of the Parliament in March 2012 but it was turned down by the Legal Affairs Committee in February 2013. A similar bill was introduced to the Parliament in December 2013 as a citizens' initiative, with the support of 160,000 people. In June 2014 the Legal Affairs Committee recommended to reject it, but on 28 November 2014 the full Parliament by a vote of 92–105 did not accept that recommendation, thus paving the way for the legalisation of same-sex marriage. The initiative was approved by the full session at the second reading on 12 December 2014. A new citizens' initiative was started on 29 March 2015 aiming to rescind the new marriage law. The new initiative collected almost 110,000 signatures by 29 September 2015 but it was rejected by the Legal Affairs Committee and later voted down by the full Parliament on 17 February 2017, votes 120-48. The new marriage law took effect on 1 March 2017.

France

Since 1999, same-sex civil unions (PACS) have been allowed and legal in France. In June 2011, an Ifop poll found that 63% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage.^[63] France legalised same-sex marriage on 23 April 2013.^[64] The bill was confirmed in the Constitutional Court of France on 17 May 2013 and signed by the French President on 18 May 2013.

Germany

Equal marriage (including full adoption rights) was passed by the Lower House of the German Parliament (the Bundestag) on 30 June 2017, was approved by the Upper House (the Bundesrat) on 7 July, and was signed into law on 20 July 2017 by President Frank-Walter Steinmeier. It came into effect on 1 October 2017. Registered life partnerships (Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft) (effectively, a form of civil union) have been instituted since 2001, giving same-sex couples most of the rights and obligations of marriage. Step-child adoption was legalized in 2004 and extended to children adopted by one partner first (successive adoption) in 2013.

Greece

In Greece, there is a legal recognition of same-sex couples since 24 December 2015. Attempts to give equal rights to registered partners or to legalize same-sex marriage begun in Spring 2008, after the Greek Minister of Justice, Transparency and Human Rights announced that a bill was to be introduced to the Hellenic Parliament in order to regulate civil partnerships for opposite-sex couples, but refused to include provisions for same-sex couples as well. The case was brought to the European Court of Human Rights in 2013, which ruled that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the bill is discriminatory and a violation of human rights. However, on 9 November 2015, a new bill granting the same-sex couples all the rights of marriage except adoption was published. The bill was sent for public consultation which would end on 20 November 2015 and then was submitted to the Hellenic Parliament on 9 December 2015, and approved 14 days later, on 23 December, with 194 MPs voting yes, 55 voting no and 51 being absent.^[65]^[66] The following day, the law was signed by the President of Greece and published in the government gazette. It took effect upon publication.^[67]

Hungary

Unregistered cohabitation has been recognized since 1996. It applies to any couple living together in an economic and sexual relationship (common-law marriage), including same-sex couples. No official registration is required. The law gives some specified rights and benefits to two persons living together. These rights and benefits are not automatically given – they must be applied for to the social department of the local government in each case. An amendment was made to the Civil Code: "Partners – if not stipulated otherwise by law – are two people living in an emotional and economic community in the same household without being married." Widow-pension is possible, partners cannot be heirs by law (without the need for a will), but can be designated as testamentary heirs.

The Hungarian Parliament on 21 April 2009 passed legislation by a vote of 199–159, called the Registered Partnership Act 2009 which allows same-sex couples to register their relationships so they can access the same rights, benefits and entitlements as opposite-sex couples (except for the right to marriage, adoption, IVF, surrogacy, taking a surname or become the legal guardian of their partner's child). The legislation does not allow opposite-sex couples to register their relationships (out of fear that there might be duplication under the law). The law came into force on 1 July 2009.^[68]

Since 1 January 2012 the Hungarian Constitution bans same-sex marriage.

Iceland

On 11 June 2010, a law was passed to make same-sex marriage legal in Iceland. The law took effect on 27 June 2010.^[69]

Ireland

The Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 was first debated in Dáil Éireann on 3 December 2009. It passed in Dáil Éireann without a vote on 1 July 2010 due to all parties supporting the bill. The bill passed in Seanad Éireann on 8 July 2010 with a vote of 48–4. It was signed by the President of Ireland on 19 July 2010.

The law took effect on 1 January 2011.^[70] It grants many rights to same-sex couples through civil partnerships but does not recognise both civil partners as the guardians of a child being raised by the couple. Irish law allows married couples and individuals to apply to adopt and allows gay couples to foster. The Act also gives new protections to cohabitating couples, both same-sex and opposite-sex.^[71]

A referendum that took place on 22 May 2015 has amended the Irish constitution to make same-sex marriage legal.^[72] The Marriage Act 2015 was signed into law on 29 October 2015.^[73]

Italy

On 11 May 2016, Italian MPs voted 372 to 51, and 99 abstaining, to approve Civil Unions in Italy.^[74] This came nearly a year after the European Court of Human Rights found Italy to be in breach of the European Convention of Human Rights.^[75]

Latvia

In December 2005, the Latvian Parliament passed a constitutional amendment defining marriage as a union between a man and a woman. President Vaira Vike-Freiberga signed the amendment shortly afterward.

Malta

On 14 April 2014, the Maltese parliament voted in favour of civil unions at par with marriage (equal to marriage in all but the name) with all rights and obligations, including the right to adoption and recognition of same-sex marriage contracted abroad. The first foreign same-sex marriage was registered on 29 April 2014 and the first civil unions began on 14 June 2014.^[76] On July 12, 2017, Malta legalized same-sex marriage with a near unanimous parliamentary vote.^[77]

Netherlands

The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legalise same-sex marriages on 1 April 2001. The possibility exists in its European territory as well as the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba) while those marriages can be registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

Norway

Same-sex marriage is legally performed in Norway. The Norwegian government proposed a gender-neutral marriage law on 14 March 2008, that would give same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexuals, including church weddings, adoption and assisted pregnancies. On 29 May 2008, the Associated Press reported that two Norwegian Opposition parties came out in favor of the new bill, assuring the bill's passage when the vote was held on 11 June. Prior to this, there were some disagreements with members of the three-party governing coalition on whether the bill had enough votes to pass. With this, it became almost certain that the bill would pass.^[78]

The first hearings and the vote were held, and passed, on 11 June 2008. 84 votes for and 41 against. This also specified that when a woman who is married to another woman becomes pregnant through artificial insemination, the partner would have all the rights of parenthood "from the moment of conception". The law became effective from 1 January 2009.^[79]

Norway was also the second country to legalize registered partnerships, doing so in 1993. Since 1 January 2009, all registered partnerships^{[citation needed]} from 1993–2008 were upon request by the couples upgraded to marriage status.

Portugal

In March 2001, the Socialist government of then Prime Minister António Guterres introduced legislation that would extend to same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexual couples living in a de facto union for more than two years.

Same-sex marriage became a source of debate in February 2006 when a lesbian couple was denied a marriage license. They took their case to court alleging violation of the 1976 constitution which prohibits discrimination based on one's sexual orientation. Prime Minister José Sócrates of the Socialist Party was reelected in September 2009 and included same-sex marriage in his party's program. A bill recognizing same-sex marriage was proposed by the government and approved by parliament on 8 January 2010.^[80] However, Portugal's parliament rejected alternative proposals that included a provision to allow homosexual couples to adopt as a couple (single homosexuals can legally adopt).^[81] Although personally against it, the Portuguese President ratified the bill on 17 May 2010. The law became effective on 5 June 2010, after publication in the official gazette, on 31 May. The first marriage was celebrated on 7 June 2010 between Teresa Pires and Helena Paixão, the same lesbian couple that was denied a marriage licence in 2006.

Slovenia

In July 2006, Slovenia became the first former Yugoslav country to introduce domestic partnerships nationwide.^[82] In December 2009 the Slovenian government approved a new Family Code, which includes same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption. The bill was approved by parliament, but rejected by voters in a 2015 referendum. On 24 February 2017, a new law came into effect which gives same-sex partnerships all the legal rights of marriages, with the exception of adoption and in-vitro fertilisation.^[83]^[84]

Spain

Spain became the third country in the world (after the Netherlands and Belgium) to legalize same-sex marriage. After being elected in June 2004, Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero restated his pre-election pledge to push for legalization of same-sex marriage.^[85] On 1 October 2004, the Spanish Government approved a bill to legalize same-sex marriage, including adoption rights. The bill received full parliamentary approval on 30 June 2005 and passed into law on 2 July, becoming fully legal on 3 July. Polls suggest that 62% to 76% of Spain supports same-sex marriage.^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89]

Sweden

Following a bill introduced jointly by six of the seven parties in the Riksdag, a gender-neutral marriage law was adopted on 1 April 2009.^[90] It came into force on 1 May, replacing the old legislation on registered partnerships.^[91] On 22 October, the assembly of the Church of Sweden (which is no longer officially the national church but whose assent was needed for the new practice to work smoothly within its ranks) voted strongly in favor of giving its blessing.^[92]

United Kingdom

England and Wales

On 18 November 2004 the United Kingdom Parliament passed the Civil Partnership Act, which came into force in December 2005 and allows same-sex couples in England and Wales to register their partnership. The government stressed during the passage of the bill that it is not same-sex marriage, and some same-sex rights activists have criticized the act for not using the terminology of marriage. However, the rights and duties of partners under this legislation are exactly the same as for married couples. An amendment proposing similar rights for family members living together was rejected. The press widely referred to these unions as "gay marriage." ^[93] During and following the 2010 election, all parties stated they were in favor of allowing same-sex marriage in the UK.^[94]^[95] Following a public consultation, as of 2013 a bill allowing same-sex marriage in England and Wales, and also providing an exemption for conducting of same-sex marriage ceremonies for religious bodies whose doctrines oppose such relationships, passed its second reading on 5 February 2013 in a 400–175 vote. The bill passed its third reading in the House of Lords on 15 July 2013^[96] and the Commons accepted all of the Lords' amendments on the following day, with Royal Assent granted on 17 July 2013. The law went into effect on 29 March 2014.

Scotland

In Scotland, which is a separate legal jurisdiction, the devolved Scottish Parliament also introduced Civil Partnerships, and performed also a consultation on the issue of same-sex marriage. On 25 July 2012 the Scottish Government announced it would bring forward legislation to legalise both civil and religious same-sex marriage in Scotland. The Government reiterated its intention to ensure that no religious group or individual member of the clergy would be forced to conduct such ceremonies; it also stated its intention to work with Westminster to make necessary changes to the Equality Act to ensure that this would be guaranteed.^[97]^[98] No legislative plans have currently been announced for a similar law in Northern Ireland.

On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed the Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 105 to 18, legalizing same-sex marriage with effect from 16 December 2014.

North America

Canada

In Canada between 2003 and 2005, court rulings in Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, and Yukon ruled the prohibition of same-sex marriage to be contrary to the Charter of Rights, thus legalizing it in those jurisdictions (which covered 90% of the population). In response to these rulings, the governing Liberal party minority government introduced legislation to allow same-sex couples to marry. On July 20, 2005, the Canadian Parliament passed the Civil Marriage Act, defining marriage nationwide as "the lawful union of two persons to the exclusion of all others." This was challenged on December 7, 2006 by a motion tabled by the newly elected Conservative party, asking the government to introduce amendments to the Marriage Act to restrict marriage to opposite-sex couples; it was defeated in the House of Commons by a vote of 175 to 123.

Canada does not have a residency requirement for marriage; consequently, many foreign couples have gone to Canada to marry, regardless of whether that marriage will be recognized in their home country. In fact, in some cases, a Canadian marriage has provided the basis for a challenge to the laws of another country, with cases in Ireland and Israel. Notably, the plaintiff in the United States v. Windsor, which challenged the Defense of Marriage Act wed her wife in Ontario.

As of November 11, 2004, the Canadian federal government's immigration department, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), considers same-sex marriages performed in Canada valid for the purposes of sponsoring a spouse to immigrate.^[99] Canadian immigration authorities previously considered long-term, same-sex relationships to be equivalent to similar heterosexual relationships as grounds for sponsorship.^{[citation needed]}

Costa Rica

In 2006, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–2 decision that it was not required by the constitution to recognize same-sex couples in family law.^[100] Legal recognition of same-sex unions has been considered by the Legislative Assembly.^[101]

Mexico

Same-sex couples can marry in Mexico City and in the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Quintana Roo and Sonora. In individual cases, same-sex couples have been given judicial approval to marry in several other states. Since August 2010, same-sex marriages performed within Mexico are recognized by the 31 states without exception.

On 9 November 2006, Mexico City's unicameral Legislative Assembly passed and approved (43–17) a bill legalizing same-sex civil unions, under the name Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia (Law for Co-existence Partnerships), which became effective on 16 March 2007.^[102] The law recognizes property and inheritance rights to same-sex couples. On 11 January 2007, the northern state of Coahuila, which borders Texas, passed a similar bill (20–13), under the name Pacto Civil de Solidaridad (Civil Pact of Solidarity).^[103] Unlike Mexico City's law, once same-sex couples have registered in Coahuila, the state protects their rights no matter where they live in the country.^[103] Twenty days after the law had passed, the country's first same-sex civil union took place in Saltillo, Coahuila.^[104]

On 21 December 2009, Mexico City's Legislative Assembly legalized (39–20) same-sex marriages and adoption by same-sex couples.^[105] Eight days later, the law was enacted and became effective in March 2010.^[106]

On 28 November 2011, the first two same-sex marriages occurred in Quintana Roo after discovering that Quintana Roo's Civil Code did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage,^[107] but these marriages were later annulled by the governor of Quintana Roo in April 2012.^[108] In May 2012, the Secretary of State of Quintana Roo reversed the annulments and allowed for future same-sex marriages to be performed in the state.^[109]

On 30 April 2013, a male same-sex couple asked the Civil Registrar of Chihuahua to marry. The Civil Registar rejected because the State Constitution defines marriage as the union of a man and a woman. On 7 May 2013, the couple appealed the decision of the Civil Registar and on 19 August, judge, José Juan Múzquiz Gómez, of the Tenth District Court of the Chihuahua State recognized that they have the right to marry. The Civil Registar had up to 3 September to appeal the decision.^[110] The government of the state did not appeal the decision and allowed the deadline to pass. On 4 September 2013, Chihuahua became the third state in Mexico to allow same-sex couples to marry.^[111]

In January 2010, in the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora, a same-sex marriage bill has been proposed.^[112] In southeastern Tabasco, the state's largest political parties, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), have announced their support for same-sex marriage in the 2010 agenda.^[113] In the western state of Michoacán, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has announced it will propose bills concerning civil unions, same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples in 2010.^[114] In neighboring Colima, governor Mario Anguiano Moreno has agreed to discuss the legalization of civil unions and adoption by same-sex couples.^[115]

On 12 June 2015, the governor of Chihuahua announced that his administration would no longer oppose same-sex marriages within the state. The order was effective immediately, thus making Chihuahua the third state to legalize such unions.^[116]^[117]

United States

On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriage is a constitutional right under the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, thereby making same-sex marriage legal throughout the United States.^[118]

Prior to June 26, 2015, same-sex marriages were legal in the District of Columbia, Guam, and thirty-six states.

In 2005, California became the first state to pass a bill authorizing same-sex marriages without a court order, but this bill was vetoed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. In 2008, the Supreme Court of California overturned a 2000 law banning same-sex marriages.^[119] The legal effect of the court ruling was curtailed by another voter initiative called Proposition 8 later that year.^[120] Proposition 8 was upheld by the California Supreme Court in 2009, holding that same-sex couples have all the rights of heterosexual couples, except the right to the "designation" of marriage.^[121] On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in Hollingsworth v. Perry that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional, allowing same-sex marriages to resume in California.

Federal recognition

In 1996, the U.S. Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)l. Section 3 of DOMA defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman, and its purpose was to enable states to deny recognition of same-sex marriages performed in other states.^[122] DOMA also denied federal recognition to same-sex couples who were legally married under state law.

On June 26, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court declared Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional in United States v. Windsor. The court said that the provision was "a deprivation of the equal liberty of persons that is protected by the Fifth Amendment."^[123] With this ruling the federal government recognized same-sex marriages performed by states that allowed same-sex marriage. It also affected several federal rights, including enabling a U.S. citizen to petition a same-sex spouse for immigration.^[124] The Court in the United States v. Windsor case did not, however, address the constitutionality of DOMA Section 2, which allowed a state to deny recognition of same-sex marriages granted in other states.

In February 2015, the United States Department of Labor issued its final rule amending the definition of spouse under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) in response to the Windsor decision. The new rule became effective March 27, 2015.^[125] The revised definition of "spouse" extended FMLA leave rights and job protections to eligible employees in a same-sex marriage or a common-law marriage entered into in a state where those statuses were legally recognized, regardless of the state in which the employee worked or resided.^[126] Accordingly, even if an employer had employees working where same-sex or common law marriage was not recognized, those employees’ spouses would trigger FMLA coverage if an employee was married in one of the states that recognized same-sex marriage or common law marriage.^[127]

The Obergefell v. Hodges decision on June 26, 2015 eliminated the distinction between same-sex marriage and opposite-sex marriage at the federal level, holding that marriage was a constitutional right, and that same-sex couples were entitled to equal rights under the law.^[128]

Civil unions

Several states offered alternative legal certifications that recognized same-sex relationships. Before states enacted these laws, U.S. cities began offering recognition of these unions. These laws bestowed marriage-like rights to these couples, and were referred to as civil unions, domestic partnerships, or reciprocal beneficiaries depending on the state. The extent to which these unions resembled marriage varied by state, and several states had enhanced the rights afforded to them over time. The U.S. jurisdictions that used these forms of same-sex union recognition instead of marriage were: Colorado (2009), Wisconsin (2009), and Nevada (2009).

U.S. Territories

An attempt to ban same-sex marriages and any other legal recognition of same-sex couples in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico failed in 2008. Puerto Rico already banned same-sex marriage by statute.^[129]

Same-sex marriage is still not performed in American Samoa, an unorganized territory of the U.S. The application of the U.S. Supreme court decision to the territory is unclear and has not been challenged.^[130]

Native American Tribes

Several Native American tribes have also legalized same-sex marriage. Those are:

Oceania

Australia

Since August 2004, same-sex marriage became banned under an amended federal law Marriage Act 1961 (Amendment) Act 2004 so that neither a foreign same-sex marriage can be performed or recognised in the Commonwealth Marriage Act 1961. This effectively banned same-sex marriage in Australia. The law, which prior to 2004, had not defined marriage specifically, appropriated marriage as the "voluntary union of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others." In 1874 under the Hyde vs. Hyde case marriage was defined in the common law as a "voluntary union of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others." Neither Civil partnerships nor civil unions are recognised by the Commonwealth Government, either. The Federal Opposition, namely the Australian Labor Party under the leadership of Mark Latham, joined with the Government to support the ban, amid strong objection from the Australian Democrats and The Greens. It was passed on 13 August 2004 as effective from the day of assent. In June 2009, polling showed that 60 percent of Australians support same-gender marriage (Galaxy).

The states and territories of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory have civil partnerships or relationship registration schemes that are available for all couples. Local governments areas of Yarra, Port Headland, Vincent, Blue Mountains and Melbourne also provide relationship registers for symbolic recognition, but these do not provide any legal rights. Furthermore, all states and the Commonwealth Government provide recognition to de facto couples of any gender, providing them with most of the rights of married couples.

At their 2011 party conference, Labor added support of same-sex marriage to their platform in a conscience vote.^[142] As of July 2015, a faction of the ruling Liberals also support same-sex marriage, and are pushing for a free vote on the issue.^[143]^[144]

Fiji

On 26 March 2013, Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama expressed opposition to the idea of same-sex marriage. Answering a question raised by a caller on a radio talk-back programme, he stated that same-sex marriage "will not be allowed because it is against religious beliefs".^[145]^[146]

New Zealand

From 2005, civil unions, which impart all of the same rights and privileges as marriage (except for adoption), have been legal.

On 17 April 2013, the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, a member's bill sponsored by openly lesbian Labour MP Louisa Wall that would legalise same sex marriage was passed by Parliament, 77 votes to 44.^[147] The bill received Royal Assent from the Governor-General on 19 April and took effect on 19 August 2013.^[148]

In the first year after the law became operational, 926 same-sex marriages were registered in New Zealand, including 532 marriages (57.5%) between New Zealand citizens, and 237 marriages (25.6%) between Australian citizens.^[149]^[150]

Samoa

Samoa is a deeply conservative Christian nation.^[151] Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi in 2012 reportedly "scoffed" at the idea of same-sex marriage being adopted in Samoa, and indicated that he would not support it.^[152] He reiterated this position, on explicitly religious grounds, in March 2013.^[153]

South America

Same-sex marriage is possible in Argentina (2010), Brazil (2013), Uruguay (2013) and Colombia (2016).

Argentina

On 22 July 2010, Argentina became the first country in Latin America to legalise same-sex marriage. The law also allows same-sex couples to adopt.^[154] And in many jurisdictions, including the city of Buenos Aires, it is also legal for non-residents and tourists.^[155]

Brazil

On 25 October 2011, Brazil's Supreme Court of Justice ruled that two women can enter into civil marriage under the current law, thus overturning the decision of two lower court's ruling against the women.^[156] Following this ruling, a growing number of courts of Brazilian states, such as the most populous state of São Paulo, implemented directives which allowed for same-sex civil marriages in the same manner as other marriages.

Same-sex couples can currently have registered partnerships and full rights to adopt children in all states, and same-sex marriages based on court orders have occurred in several states in individual cases.

On 14 May 2013, Brazil's National Justice Council (CNJ) ruled in favor of recognizing same-sex marriage nationwide.^[157]

Colombia

The Colombian Constitutional Court ruled in February 2007 that same-sex couples are entitled to the same inheritance rights as heterosexuals in common-law marriages. This ruling made Colombia the first South American nation to legally recognize gay couples. In January 2009, the Court ruled that same-sex couples must be extended all of the rights offered to cohabitating heterosexual couples.^[158] On 26 July 2011, the Court ordered the Congress to pass the legislation giving same-sex couples similar rights to marriage in two years (by 20 June 2013). Such a law was defeated^[159]^[160]^[161] In April 2016, the Colombian Constitutional Court voted 6-3 to allow same-sex marriage, with the ruling taking effect immediately.^[162]

In 2015, the Colombian Constitutional Court ruled that gay couples can adopt children, the same as straight couples.

Ecuador

The 2008 new constitution made Ecuador the first country in South America where same sex civil union couples are legally recognized as a family and share all the same rights of married heterosexual couples (except for adoption).^{[citation needed]}

Peru

In April 2014, legislator Carlos Bruce received a petition signed by 10 thousand people in favor of allowing civil unions for gay couples.^[163] Bruce, who put forward the change in the law in September last year, hopes that it will alleviate the discrimination faced by gay Peruvians.

The bill was scheduled to be debated on 7 April in front of the Commission of Justice and Human Rights, but ultimately was postponed until after Easter. While the country has a history of rejecting bills that protect gay people, supporters and allies are hopeful that the Peruvian Congress will move forward with the bill.^[164]

In June 2014, bills taking on different forms of recognition, some with more rights than others, were discussed in Congress. After a dramatic debate, it was decided by politician Carlos Bruce, who had earlier announced to the public that he was gay, that the original Civil Union bill he submitted with more rights should be voted on separately from other proposals. More than one bill allowing for recognition of same-sex relationships will be discussed in the next parliamentary session which begins in August.^[165]

Uruguay

Uruguay became the first country in South America to allow civil unions (for both opposite sex and same-sex couples) in a national platform on 1 January 2008.

Children can be adopted by same-sex couples since 2009.^[166]^[167] A same-sex marriage bill passed in the Chamber of Deputies in December 2012,^[168]^[169] as well as in the Senate in April 2013 but with minor amendments. The amended bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies in a 71–21 vote on 10 April and then on 3 May 2013 got the signature from the President.^[170] The law took effect on 5 August 2013.^[171]

Religious recognition

The religious status of same-sex marriage has been changing since the late 20th century and varies greatly among different world religions.

Among Christian churches, same-sex marriage is not recognized by the Roman Catholic church, Orthodox churches, or conservative Protestant churches. Many mainline Protestant churches recognize same-sex unions, while other Protestant churches remain divided.

Among Jewish communities, Reform Jewish communities are the most supportive of same-sex unions, while Conservative Jewish communities are more divided. Same-sex marriage is not recognized by Orthodox Jewish communities.

Recognized

Some religious institutions that recognize same-sex relationships avoid using the terms "marriages" or "weddings", and instead call them "blessings" or "unions." Some religious groups allow individual congregations to set their own policies regarding the blessing of same-sex relationships.

The following institutions have recognized same-sex relationships in some fashion, either as individual congregations or as a denomination-wide policy:

Christianity

The following denominations accept same-sex unions to some degree:

Anglicanism (See Homosexuality and Anglicanism): The Anglican Communion is divided over the issue of homosexuality. "The more liberal provinces that are open to changing Church doctrine on marriage in order to allow for same-sex unions include Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, South India, South Africa, the US and Wales."^[172]
- Anglican Church in New Zealand: In 2014, the "General Synod passe[d] a resolution that will create a pathway towards the blessing of same-gender relationships, while upholding the traditional doctrine of marriage...It therefore says clergy should be permitted [while the blessings are being developed] 'to recognise in public worship' a same-gender civil union or state marriage of members of their faith community..."^[173] On a diocesan level, the Dunedin Diocese already permits a blessing for relationships irrespective of the partners' gender.^[174] "Blessings of same-sex relationships are offered in line with [Dunedin] Diocesan Policy and with the bishop’s permission."^[175] In the Diocese of Auckland, a couple was "joined in a civil union at the inner-Auckland Anglican church of St Matthews in the City in 2005."^[176]
- Anglican Church of Australia: The church does not have an official position on homosexuality.^[177] In 2013, the Diocese of Perth voted to recognise same-sex relationships.^[178] The Social Responsibilities Committee of the Anglican Church Southern Queensland supported "the ability for same-sex couples to have a legally recognised ceremony to mark their union."^[179] The Diocese of Gippsland has appointed clergy in a "same-sex partnership."^[180] St. Andrew's Church in Subiaco, in Perth, has publicly blessed a same-sex union.^[181]
- Anglican Church of Canada: In 2016, the Anglican Church of Canada voted to permit same-sex marriage after a vote recount.^[182] The motion must pass a second reading in 2019 to become church law.^[183] The dioceses of Niagara and Ottawa announced that same-sex marriages could begin in their churches immediately.^[184]^[185] Several other dioceses allow same-sex blessing ceremonies.^[186]
- Anglican Church of Southern Africa: Clergy are not permitted to enter in same-sex marriages or civil unions, but the church "tolerates same-sex relationships if they are celibate."^[187] Archbishop Thabo Makgoba, the current Anglican Primate, is "one among few church leaders in Africa to support same-sex marriage..."^[188] The Diocese of Saldanha Bay has proposed a blessing for same-sex unions.^[189]
- Church in Wales: Clergy are allowed to enter into same-sex civil partnerships, and there is no requirement of sexual abstinence.^[190] In 2015, a majority of the General Synod of the Church in Wales voted for same-sex marriage.^[191] Also, the "Church has published prayers that may be said with a couple following the celebration of a civil partnership or civil marriage."^[192]
- Church of England: Since 2005, clergy are permitted to enter into same-sex civil partnerships, but are requested to give assurances of following the Bishops' guidelines on human sexuality.^[193] In 2013, the House of Bishops announced that priests in same-sex civil unions may serve as bishops.^[194] As for ceremonies in church, "clergy in the Church of England are permitted to offer prayers of support on a pastoral basis for people in same-sex relationships;^[195] many priests already bless same-sex unions on an unofficial basis.^[196] Some congregations may offer "prayers for a same-sex commitment" or may "offer services of thanksgiving following a civil marriage ceremony."^[197]^[198]
- Church of Ireland: In 2008, the "Church of Ireland Pensions Board has confirmed that it will treat civil partners the same as spouses."^[199] In 2011, a minister of the Church of Ireland publicly entered into a same-sex civil partnership.^[200]
- Episcopal Church (United States): At its 2015 triennial General Convention, the Episcopal Church voted overwhelmingly to allow religious weddings for same-sex couples. Many dioceses had previously allowed their priests to officiate at civil same-sex marriage ceremonies, but the church had not yet changed its own laws on marriage. The church law replaced the terms "husband" and "wife" with "the couple". Individual members of the clergy may still decline to perform same-sex weddings^[201] Previously, the Episcopal Church had voted to allow a "generous pastoral response" for couples in same-sex civil unions, domestic partnerships, and marriages.^[202]
- Scottish Episcopal Church: Since 2008, St. Mary's Cathedral in Glasgow has offered blessing services for same-sex civil partnerships.^[203] The Scottish Episcopal Church agreed to bless same-sex marriages in 2015.^[204] In 2016, the General Synod voted to amend the marriage canon to include same-sex couples.^[205] The proposal was approved in a second reading in 2017, and same-sex marriages may be legally performed in the Scottish Episcopal Church.^[206]
Baptists (See: Homosexuality and Baptist churches): Because some Baptist churches operate on a congregational level, some individual churches may recognize same-sex unions. Baptist churches which recognize same-sex unions include:
- Alliance of Baptists^[207]^[208]
- Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists
Latter Day Saint movement
- Community of Christ: In 2013, the Community of Christ officially decided to extend the sacrament of marriage to same-sex couples where gay marriage is legal, to provide covenant commitment ceremonies where it is not legal, and to allow the ordination of people in same-sex relationships to the priesthood. However, this is only in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The church does have a presence in countries where homosexuality is punishable by law, even death, so for the protection of the members in those nations, full inclusion of LGBT individuals is limited to the countries where this is not the case. Individual viewpoints do vary, and some congregations may be more welcoming than others. Furthermore, the church has proponents for support of both traditional marriage and same-sex marriages. The First Presidency and the Council of Twelve will need to approve policy revisions recommended by the USA National Conference.^[209]^[210]
Lutheranism (See Homosexuality and Lutheranism):
- Church of Norway: In 2013, the bishops announced that they would allow "gay couples to receive church blessings for their civil unions..."^[211] In 2017, the Church of Norway decided to allow same-sex marriages to be performed in churches.^[212]
- Church of Sweden: On 22 October 2009, the governing board of the Church of Sweden voted 176–62^[213] in favour of allowing its priests to wed same-sex couples in new gender-neutral church ceremonies, including the use of the term marriage.^[92]^[214] Same-sex marriages in the church will be available starting 1 November 2009.^[215]
- Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD): The EKD is a federation of twenty Protestant churches in Germany. The blessing of same-sex unions is allowed in 18 of the 20 constituent member churches.^[216]^[217]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: During its 2009 Churchwide Assembly the ELCA passed a resolution by a vote of 619–402 reading "Resolved, that the ELCA commit itself to finding ways to allow congregations that choose to do so to recognize, support and hold publicly accountable lifelong, monogamous, same-gender relationships."^[218]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark: In 2012, the Danish parliament voted to make same-sex marriages mandatory in all state churches. Individual priests may refuse to perform the ceremony, but the local bishop must organize a replacement.^[219]
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: The church does not currently allow same-sex marriages to be legally officiated in churches. However, couples may enter in a civil partnership and "the couple may organise prayers with a priest or other church workers and invited guests. This may take place on church premises - but practice varies from parish to parish."^[220] After a civil same-sex marriage, couples may request the same prayers in church. "All of the bishops have taken the position that it is possible to hold prayer services to bless same-sex couples."^[221]
- Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches: This is a group of 26 member churches. Several of its member churches permit prayer services and blessings of same-sex civil unions.^[222]^[223]
- Protestant Church in the Netherlands: The church has allowed the blessing of same-sex unions since 2001.^[224] This has included the blessing of same-sex unions as well as marriages.^[225]
- The United Protestant Church of France authorised the blessing of same-sex unions by pastors in May 2015, two years after the government legalized same-sex marriages. Individual vicars may refuse to perform same-sex marriage ceremonies.^[226]
The Metropolitan Community Church perform same-sex marriages. The MCC was founded to support LGBT Christians. In 1968, MCC founder Rev. Troy Perry officiated the first public same-sex marriage ceremony in the United States, though it was not legally recognized at the time.^[227]^[228]
Methodism
- Methodist Church of Great Britain: In 2005, the Methodist Church voted to bless same-sex unions;^[229] while the word 'blessing' was not ultimately used, the Methodist Church did confirm that, for same-sex unions, "prayers of thanksgiving or celebration may be said, and there may be informal services of thanksgiving or celebration."^[230] Clergy are allowed to enter into same-sex civil partnerships or marriages.^[231]
- Methodist Church of New Zealand: Clergy may enter into same-sex unions.^[232]
- Methodist Church of Southern Africa: In Southern Africa, the Methodist Church has allowed clergy in same-sex relationships, but they are not permitted to be in a same-sex marriage. The Methodist "Church allowed [clergy] to be in a homosexual relationship whilst being a minister, and allowed [clergy] to stay in the Church’s manse with [their] partner, but drew the line at recognising [their] same-sex marriage."^[233] "The Methodist Church 'tolerates homosexuals' and even accepts same-sex relationships (as long as such relationships are not solemnised by marriage)..."^[234]
Old Catholic Church: A group of churches which separated from Roman Catholicism over the issue of papal authority.
- Many American Old Catholic churches perform same-sex marriage ceremonies.^[235]
- The Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches is a federation of six European Old Catholic organizations, four of which allow same-sex marriage ceremonies.^{[citation needed]}
Presbyterianism (See Homosexuality and Presbyterianism):
- Church of Scotland: In 2015, the Kirk voted to allow congregations to ordain clergy who enter into same-sex civil partnerships.^[236] The General Assembly voted to allow clergy in same-sex marriages in 2016.^[237] Then, the General Assembly approved a report requesting churches to be able to perform same-sex marriages in church.^[238]
- The Presbyterian Church (USA), the largest Presbyterian group in the United States, voted to allow same-gender marriages on 19 June 2014. This vote allows pastors to perform marriages in jurisdictions where same-sex marriages are legally recognized. Additionally, the Assembly voted to send out a proposed amendment to the Book of Order, changing the description of marriage from "between a man and a woman" to "between two people, traditionally between a man and a woman." This amendment needed to be approved by a majority of the 172 Presbyteries to take effect.^[239] On 17 March 2015, the New Jersey-based Presbytery of the Palisade became the 87th presbytery to approve the ratification, making the change official.^[240]
Quakerism (See Homosexuality and Quakerism)
- The Canadian Yearly Meeting supports the right of same-sex couples to marry.^{[citation needed]}
- Several American Quaker groups bless same-sex marriages.^{[citation needed]}
United Church of Canada: The General Council of the church accepts same-sex marriages. However, each individual congregation is free to develop its own marriage policies.^[241]
United Church of Christ: In 2005, the General Synod adopted a resolution supporting equal access to marriage for all couples, regardless of gender. This resolution encouraged (but did not require) individual congregations to adopt policies supporting equal marriage rights for same-sex couples.^[242]

Judaism

Conservative Judaism: In 2012, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards approved two model wedding ceremonies which can be adapted for the needs of same-sex couples. In 2013, the Rabbinical Assembly noted that they recognize both same-sex and opposite-sex marriages. However, individual synagogues are not required to adopt these policies, and may not perform marriages for same-sex couples.^[243]
Reconstructionist Judaism: Of the four leading Jewish denominations, Reconstructionist Judaism is often considered the most welcoming of LGBT people. In 2004, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association approved a resolution supporting civil marriage rights for same-sex couples.^[244]
Reform Judaism: Reform Judaism is the largest Jewish denomination in the United States, and is generally welcoming to LGBT people. In 1996, the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) announced its support for civil same-sex marriage rights. This was followed by a similar resolution from the Union for Reform Judaism in 1997. In 2000, the CCAR gave its full support to rabbis who officiate same-sex weddings. This resolution also recognizes that some Reform rabbis will not officiate same-sex weddings.^[245]

Other

Afro-Brazilian religions: These faiths may support same-sex marriages, but this is up to individual interpretation. They historically tend to have been openly LGBT-positive even among variants heavily influenced by Christianity and Allan Kardec's Spiritism.^[246]
- Umbanda priests and priestesses may marry same-sex couples. One priestess describes same-sex marriages by saying "In umbanda this is accepted... We carry out marriages of love."^[247]^[248]
Buddhism (See Buddhism and sexual orientation): Because Buddhism has no central authority, there is no general consensus on same-sex marriage within Buddhism.^[249] Same-sex marriages are performed at Shunkō-in, a Rinzai Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan.^[250] American Soka Gakkai Buddhists have performed same-sex union ceremonies since the 1990s.^[251]
Hinduism (See Hinduism and LGBT topics): Because there is no central authority in Hinduism, attitudes toward same-sex marriage vary greatly. Some Hindu groups recognize same-sex marriages.^[252] Srinivasa Raghavachariar, head priest of the Srirangam temple, believes that same-sex lovers were cross-sex lovers in their former lives. In 2002, a Shaiva priest was interviewed after performing a same-sex wedding; he stated that marriage is a union of two spirits, which are neither male nor female. Hinduism has long acknowledged people of a "third gender", which would include people categorized as homosexual, bisexual, and transgender in the Western World. However, many Hindu groups do not support same-sex marriage or relationships.^[253]
Many Japanese new religions – individual interpretation in spite of some commonly-held heterosexist instances in many, such as for example seicho-no-ie.^[246]
Neo-Pagan
Raëlism
Spiritism – individual interpretation. Heterosexist instances common, but not to the point of supporting discrimination.^[246]
Unitarian Universalism: In 1984, the Unitarian Universalist Association overwhelmingly voted to approve religious blessings of same-sex unions. They became the first major American church to do so.^[254]

Not recognized

The following religious traditions or institutions do not recognize same-sex marriage or unions in any congregation, and may view same-sex relationships as immoral.

Christianity

Anglicanism (See Homosexuality and Anglicanism): Many of the autonomous jurisdictions in the Anglican Communion do not permit same-sex marriages or unions.^{[citation needed]}
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism): See Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Mormon Church teaches that same-sex relationships are immoral. In 2015, a change to the Church's handbook declared that same-sex couples are apostates, meriting excommunication. It also stated that children of same-sex couples are to be denied rites until they turn 18 and choose to disavow their parents' marriage. The Mormon Church teaches that this policy change is a result of divine revelation to the Church's prophets and apostles.^[255] The LDS church has fought against legal recognition of same-sex marriages in both the United States and Mexico.^[256]
Eastern Orthodox Church: The world's second-largest Christian group does not recognize or perform same-sex marriages. The church considers same-sex relationships to be "immoral and inappropriate" and an attack on "the institution of marriage and the family."^[257]
Evangelical Free Church of America: The church teaches that "all homosexual acts are sinful" and does not recognize any form of same-sex unions.^[258]
Lutheranism (See Homosexuality and Lutheranism). Lutheran groups which do not recognize same-sex unions include:
Methodism (See Homosexuality and Methodism):
- The United Methodist Church officially prohibits same-sex marriages, but some ministers have performed same-sex marriage ceremonies in violation of the Methodist Book of Discipline.^[259] In 2016, the Western Division of the church elected an openly gay bishop in defiance of the church's rules. This came after a 2016 vote for a "full review" on the church's laws on sexuality, which is expected to take at least two years.^[260]
Numerous non-denominational churches^{[citation needed]}
Oriental Orthodoxy is a communion of six independent churches. They teach that same-sex sexual activity is sinful, and does not support any form of same-sex unions.^[261]
Pentecostalism: Pentecostalism is an umbrella term for several different organizations. Historically, Pentecostal churches have condemned homosexuality, and most Pentecostal denominations have doctrinal statements condemning it.^[262]
Presbyterianism (See Homosexuality and Presbyterianism):
- The Presbyterian Church in America does not recognize same-sex unions and teaches that same-sex sexual activity is immoral. Their official policies state that "God's intent and design in creation was that... sexual expression would be between a male and female only".^[263]
Quakers: Many Quaker groups do not recognize same-sex unions.^{[citation needed]}
Roman Catholic Church: On 3 June 2003, the Congregation for the Faith issued a document concerning marital rights to same sex couples.^[264] It reaffirmed traditional Catholic teaching that regards homosexual acts as being intrinsically disordered because they cannot result in children. The international organisation We are Church states that it is "committed to change the Church's official and theological approach to homosexual people".^[265]
Southern Baptist Convention: The largest Protestant denomination in the United States opposes both civil and religious marriage equality for same-sex couples. Southern Baptist ministers are prohibited from blessing same-sex unions.^[266]

Judaism

Orthodox Judaism^{[citation needed]}
Hasidic Judaism^{[citation needed]}

Islam

Islam

Others

Bahá'í
Hinduism: Many Hindu groups do not recognize same-sex unions.^{[citation needed]}
Sikhism^[267]

Notes

^ Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and St Maarten.
^ Includes both Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
^ Excluding Tokelau, Niue and the Cook Islands.
^ Excluding Alderney, Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Jersey, Montserrat, Northern Ireland, Sark, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
^ Excluding most Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal in 24 of them). Application to American Samoa unclear.

References

^ Mark Stevenson (29 December 2009). "Mexico City enacts region's 1st gay marriage law". MSNBC. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Attitudes towards LGBTIQ+ people in the Western Balkans" (PDF). ERA – LGBTI Equal Rights Association for the Western Balkans and Turke. June 2023.
^ "Un 70% d'andorrans aprova el matrimoni homosexual". Diari d'Andorra (in Catalan). 7 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Cultura polítical de la democracia en la República Dominicana y en las Américas, 2016/17" (PDF). Vanderbilt University (in Spanish). 13 November 2017. p. 132.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad LGBT+ PRIDE 2023 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Pew. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe - Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ "Bevolking Aruba pro geregistreerd partnerschap zelfde geslacht". Antiliaans Dagblad (in Dutch). 26 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU" (PDF). TNS. European Commission. p. 2. Retrieved 23 September 2019. The question was whether same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Barómetro de las Américas: Actualidad – 2 de junio de 2015" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. 2 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b LGBT+ PRIDE 2021 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ https://www.ciep.ucr.ac.cr/images/INFORMESUOP/EncuestaEnero/Informe-encuesta-ENERO-2018.pdf ^{[dead link]}
^ "Encuesta: Un 63,1% de los cubanos quiere matrimonio igualitario en la Isla". Diario de Cuba (in Spanish). 18 July 2019.
^ "67% of Czechs support same-sex marriage, says new poll". 23 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ Guzman, Samuel (5 February 2018). "Encuesta de CDN sobre matrimonio homosexual en RD recibe más de 300 mil votos - CDN - El Canal de Noticias de los Dominicanos" [CDN survey on homosexual marriage in DR receives more than 300 thousand votes] (in Spanish).
^ America's Barometer Topical Brief #034, Disapproval of Same-Sex Marriage in Ecuador: A Clash of Generations?, 23 July 2019. Counting ratings 1–3 as 'disapprove', 8–10 as 'approve', and 4–7 as neither.
^ https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/el-salvador-elecciones_partido-de-bukele-se--consolida--en-preferencias-electorales-en-el-salvador/46307812
^ "Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2023)" (PDF). Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus. April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "წინარწმენიდან თანასწორობამდე (From Prejudice to Equality), part 2" (PDF). WISG. 2022.
^ "Eurobarometer 2023: Discrimination in the European Union". europa.eu. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ "Más del 70% de los hondureños rechaza el matrimonio homosexual". Diario La Prensa (in Spanish). 17 May 2018.
^ "Litlar breytingar á viðhorfi til giftinga samkynhneigðra" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Gallup. September 2006.
^ Staff (13 February 2023). "64% favor recognizing same-sex marriage in Japan: Kyodo poll". Kyodo News. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
^ Isoda, Kazuaki (21 February 2023). "Survey: 72% of voters in favor of legalizing gay marriages". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ Vogt, Desiree (March 2021). "Rückhalt für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Liechtensteiner Vaterland (in German).
^ "Most Mozambicans against homosexual violence, study finds". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 4 June 2018., (full report)
^ "First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: 61% of Pinoys oppose, and 22% support, a law that will allow the civil union of two men or two women". 29 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Mikołajczyk, Marek. "Tak dla związków partnerskich, nie dla adopcji [SONDAŻ DGP]". Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
^ "Отношение к сексменьшинствам" (in Russian). ФОМ. June 2019.
^ https://crd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ENGLESKA-VERZIJA-1.pdf
^ https://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/704584-polovici-slovenskych-obcanov-neprekazaju-registrovane-partnerstva-pre-pary-rovnakeho-pohlavia/
^ Strong, Matthew (19 May 2023). "Support for gay marriage surges in Taiwan 4 years after legalization". Taiwan News. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
^ "Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності: УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ (16-20 серпня 2023) Назад до списку". 24 August 2023.
^ Simons, Ned (4 February 2023). "It's Ten Years Since MPs Voted For Gay Marriage, But Is There A 'Backlash'?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ "Opinión sobre el matrimonio igualitario" [Opinion on equal marriage]. Equipos Consultores. 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
^ Crónica Uno, Encuesta refleja que mayoría de venezolanos apoya igualdad de derechos para la población LGBTIQ, 2 March, 2023
^ "South Africa to legalize gay marriage". MSNBC. Associated Press. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ Smith, Nicola (21 May 2017). "Taiwan's same-sex marriage ruling could cement its place as Asia's liberal beacon". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Cambodian king backs gay marriage". BBC News. 20 February 2004. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ Mosbergen, Dominique (14 October 2015). "In Cambodia, Some Families Still Try To 'Cure' LGBT Sons And Daughters". The Huffington Post.
^ "Getting Married in Hong Kong". Angloinfo. Angloinfo. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
^ "Gay man sues for right to marry in China's first same-sex marriage lawsuit". South China Morning Post. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Chinese Court Rules Against Gay Couple Seeking To Get Married". The Two-Way. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Visa & Tax Implications for Same Sex Marriage Partners in China". China Briefing. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Israel News - Haaretz Israeli News source". haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Japan allows its citizens same-sex marriage abroad". Google.com. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "Nepal's highest court confirms full rights for LGBT people ·". Pinknews.co.uk. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "Tears of Joy as Nepali Gays Transgender Persons at Supreme Court Decision". Ukgaynews.org.uk. 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Sharma, Bhadra (16 September 2015). "Assembly in Nepal Approves New Constitution". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
^ "Nepal lawmakers approve first LGBTI protections in new constitution - Gay Star News". 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "블로그 :: 네이버". Blog.naver.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ Lii Wen (21 December 2014). "Gay marriage proposal set for review". Taipei Times. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
^ CNN, Katie Hunt and Karina Tsui. "Taiwan step closer to being first in Asia for same-sex marriage". CNN. Retrieved 24 May 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "ILGA-Europe". ilga-europe.org.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Albania passes anti-discrimination law". Sgn.org. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "House passes historic civil partnerships bill (Update)". Cyprus Mail.
^ "Civil unions become law". InCyprus. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ acceptCY. "Gay νέα και ειδήσεις: Τέθηκε σε ισχύ η πολιτική συμβίωση στην Κύπρο - Antivirus Magazine". Antivirus Magazine.
^ "Czech MPs approve gay rights law". BBC News. 15 March 2006.
^ "Low turn out for gay Czech civil partnerships". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Selon la préfecture de police, il n'y a (presque) pas eu de Marche des fiertés Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Tetu, 25 June 2011
^ "France Legalizes Gay Marriage After Harsh Debate". New York Times. 23 April 2013.
^ "Greek parliament legalizes same-sex cohabitation". The TOC In English. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Greek Parliament Legalizes Same-Sex Civil Partnerships". The Huffington Post. 23 December 2015.
^ ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις.
^ "Gay and Lesbian Marriage, Partnership or Unions Worldwide". UK Gay News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage". Icenews.is. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "Partnership laws come into force". The Irish Times. 1 January 2011.
^ "Insight Scoop | The Ignatius Press Blog: New Irish Government Raises Concerns for Catholics". Insightscoop.typepad.com. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "Huge Republic of Ireland vote for gay marriage". BBC News.
^ "The Marriage Act 2015 has been signed into law". breakingnews.ie. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ "Civil unions become law". ANSA. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights".
^ "Aggornat: Ryan u Jaime jirregistraw l-ewwel zwieg gay f'Malta - TVM". TVM.
^ The Associated Press (12 July 2017). "Malta Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Majority in Norwegian parliament agrees on new law allowing gay weddings, adoptions". Associated Press. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
^ Ravndal, Dennis; Gjermund Glesnes; Øystein Eian (11 June 2008). "Tårer da ekteskapsloven ble vedtatt". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 June 2008.
^ "Portugal tipped to allow gay marriage". Pinknews.co.uk. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "Same-sex marriage law backed in Portugal's parliament". BBC News. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "Gay News From". 365gay.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ Slovenia boosts rights of same-sex couples
^ Same-sex partnership act implemented
^ "Spain 'to approve gay marriages'". BBC News. 19 March 2004. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
^ "Here Media, Planet Out - Notes from the CEO Paul Colichman". planetout.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Cadena SER. "Últimas noticias". cadenaser.com.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Cite error: The named reference Ipsos 2013 opinion poll was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Gays Win Marriage Rights Archived 5 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Sveriges Radio English, 1 April 2009
^ "Riksdagen beslutar om könsneutrala äktenskap på onsdag" [The Riksdag decides on gender neutral marriage on Wednesday] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b [1] Archived 26 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ 19/12/2005 – 11:19:00 (19 December 2005). "Free Presbyterians picket first gay marriage in NI | BreakingNews.ie". Breakingnews.iol.ie. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
^ Travis, Alan (17 February 2011). "Gay marriages and heterosexual civil partnerships may soon be welcomed". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
^ Geen, Jessica. "Government proposes introducing gay marriage after Cameron intervention". PinkNews.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
^ "Gay marriage clears the House of Lords".
^ "Gay marriage to be introduced in Scotland". BBC News. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
^ "Same-sex marriage to be legalised". Government of Scotland. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 6 June 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Latest News". Advocate.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Inter Press Service - Turning the World Downside Up". ipsnews.net. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Erich Adolfo Moncada Cota (19 November 2006). "Mexico City Approves Same Sex Unions". Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b S. Lynne Walker (5 March 2007). "New law propels gay rights in Mexico". Mail & Guardian Online. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
^ "Mexico's first civil union". Gay.com UK & Ireland. Associated Press. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
^ "Mexico City 1st in region to approve gay marriage". Associated Press. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
^ "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Associated Press. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
^ Brisa Muñoz (2 December 2011). "Dos matrimonios homosexuales se casaron en un municipio conservador" (in Spanish). CNN México. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Santana, Rosa (17 April 2012). "Anula gobernador de Quintana Roo dos bodas gay; lo acusan de homofóbico". Proceso (in Spanish). Comunicación e Información, S.A. de C.V. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
^ Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 13 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Seremos el quinto estado en celebrar uniones entre el mismo sexo". El Heraldo de Chihuahua. 23 August 2013.
^ Andrew Potts (6 September 2013). "Chihuahua becomes fourth Mexican state to legalize same-sex marriage". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Ulises Gutiérrez (13 January 2010). "Proponen matrimonio homosexual en Sonora" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
^ Fernando Hernández (15 January 2010). "A favor PRI y PRD del aborto y matrimonios gays" (in Spanish). El Heraldo de Tabasco. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ Nicolás Casimiro (25 December 2009). "Matrimonios gay y despenalización del aborto, en la agenda del PRD para 2010" (in Spanish). Quadratín. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
^ El Universal (23 December 2009). "Acepta gobernador de Colima debatir sobre sociedades en convivencia" (in Spanish). Yahoo! México. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Mexico state of Chihuahua officially approves same-sex marriage, 12 June 2015
^ Mexican state to allow same-sex marriage, 12 June 2015
^ US Supreme Court. "Obergefell v. Hodges" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. US Supreme Court. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ Mintz, Howard (15 May 2008). "California Supreme Court legalizes same-sex marriage". Mercury News. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
^ "California ballot initiatives (Nr.1298)". Sos.ca.gov. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Opinions" (PDF). courtinfo.ca.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) -- For a review see: Thomas Kupka, Names and Designations in Law, in: The Journal Jurisprudence 6 (2010) 121-130 Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
^ "Online NewsHour: The Battle Over Same Sex Marriage – The Defense of Marriage Act". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "United States v. Windsor" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "DOMA decision a win for LGBT immigration rights advocates – First Read". Firstread.nbcnews.com. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ Forman, Shira (27 February 2015). "DOL Issues Final Rule Amending FMLA Definition of "Spouse" to Include Same-Sex Marriages". Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
^ Trotier, Geoffrey S. (24 February 2015). "FMLA "Spouse" Definition Now Includes Same-Sex Spouses and Common-Law Spouses". The National Law Review. von Briesen & Roper, s.c. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
^ Gozdecki, Jeanine M. (25 February 2015). "FMLA Final Rule: "Spouse" Means Same-Sex Spouse (Even in Alabama)". The National Law Review. Barnes & Thornburg LLP. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
^ Supreme Court Ruling Makes Same-Sex Marriage a Right Nationwide Adam Liptakjune, New York Times, June 26, 2015.
^ "Constitutional Amendment to Ban Gay Marriage in Puerto Rico Fails". Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Sagapolutele, Fili. "gay marriage illegal in American Samoa". USNews. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Blackfeet Tribal Law and Order Code, Family Code". Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ Schoenfeld, Ed (24 February 2015). "Tlingit-Haida Central Council OKs same-sex marriages". KCAW. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ Gutierrez-Morfin, Noel (13 December 2016). "Cherokee Nation Begins Recognizing Same-Sex Marriages". NBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ Stuart, Hunter (22 October 2013). "Gay Couple Married In Oklahoma: Jason Pickel, Darren Black Bear Tie The Knot Despite State Ban". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
^ "Siletz Marriage Ordinance: Siletz Tribal Code § 8.400" (PDF). 15 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2017. ...[I]t is the policy of the Tribe that the marriages of same sex couples and the marriages of opposite sex couples be treated equally in all respects under Tribal law.
^ "Coquille tribe approves same-sex marriages". KOIN. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Graves, Bill (20 August 2008). "Gay marriage in Oregon? Tribe says yes". The Oregonian. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
^ "California Native American Tribe Announces Support of Same Sex Marriage: Santa Ysabel Tribe First in California to Make Proclamation". Rock Hill Herald Online. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Stegman, Erik (7 March 2013). "BREAKING: Little Traverse Bay Bands Of Odawa Becomes Third Tribal Nation To Pass Marriage Equality". ThinkProgress. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
^ Eaton, Kristi (23 March 2017). "Native American Osage Nation Votes in Favor of Same-Sex Marriage". NBC News. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ "West Michigan couple have first same-sex wedding in Pokagon Tribal Court". WWMT Newschannel 3. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Labor votes in favour of gay marriage". Theage.com.au. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ Daniel, Hurst (1 July 2015). "Cross-party same-sex marriage bill to be introduced in August". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
^ "Cross party plan reached on same sex marriage". Sky News. 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "No same-sex marriage: PM", Fiji Sun, 27 March 2013
^ Dan Littauer (27 March 2013). "Fiji prime minister says no to gay marriage". Gaystarnews.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Isaac Davison (17 April 2013). "Same-sex marriage law passed". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
^ Monday 2 December - 5:38 pm NZT (21 April 2013). "Legislation to legalise same-sex marriage passed in Parliament this week has become law". Radionz.co.nz. Retrieved 2 December 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "926 same sex marriages since law change". Department of Internal Affairs New Zealand. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ "A year on: One third of NZ gay marriages are of Aussie couples". Gay News Network.
^ "Samoa profile", BBC, 17 July 2012
^ "Gay marriage in Samoa? You're dreaming, PM says" Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Samoa Observer, 8 May 2012
^ "PM firm on rejection of same sex marriage". Samoaobserver.ws. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "Argentine Senate backs bill legalising gay marriage". BBC News. 15 July 2010.
^ "Argentina capital recognizes same-sex marriage for tourists". jurist.org. 21 May 2012.
^ "Brazil appellate court says gay marriage is legal". Chicago Sun-Times. 25 October 2011.
^ "Decisão do CNJ obriga cartórios a fazer casamento homossexual". G1. 14 May 2013.
^ Colombian court confirms equal rights for same-sex couples, Pink News, 29 January 2009
^ "Colombia president backs same-sex marriage". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights.
^ "DECISION C-577/11 The homosexuals have the right to form a family" (PDF). Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "Colombian court says Congress must decide on gay marriage". CNN. 27 July 2011.
^ "Marriage Equality Comes to Colombia". 7 April 2016.
^ 10 thousand sign petition in favor of civil union for gay couples, Peru this Week, 2 April 2014
^ "Peru Compiles Signatures For LGBT Civil Unions". HuffPost. 10 April 2014.
^ Template:Es icon La unión civil y unión solidaria volverán a debatirse en agosto en Perú
^ (Spanish) Los diputados de Uruguay aprueban la adopción para parejas homosexuales, El Mundo, 28 August 2009
^ Uruguay approves Latin America's first gay adoption law, AFP, 9 September 2009
^ "Uruguay assembly votes to legalize gay marriage". Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Template:Es icon Uruguay aprueba el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo
^ Catherine E. Shoichet, CNN (10 April 2013). "Same-sex marriage bill awaits president's signature in Uruguay". CNN. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "Same-sex marriage bill comes into force in Uruguay". Bbc.co.uk. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ Wyatt, Caroline (11 January 2016). "Anglican communion's 'bitter divide' over gay rights". BBC News. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
^ Quiqcorp. "Anglican Taonga : New Zealand's Anglican News Leader". anglicantaonga.org.nz. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Liturgical Resources | CalledSouth". calledsouth.org.nz. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Marriages in Dunedin North Anglican Parish" (PDF). allsaintsdn.org.nz. 2016.
^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Civil union, 2005". www.teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "BBC NEWS | Special Reports | Anglican Church around the world". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Perth Anglicans vote to recognise same-sex relationships". ABC News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Church comes out in support of gay marriage". Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ Porter, Muriel (16 June 2014). "Bishop whose heart 'lay with the alien and the outsider'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Anglican priest running LGBTI parish service in Perth". ABC News. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Anglicans to allow same-sex marriage after vote recount". CBC News. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ Ireland, Nicole (14 July 2016). "Anglican Church will weather divide on same-sex marriage, officials say". CBC News. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "Statement After General Synod Vote on the Marriage Canon". Anglican Diocese of Niagara. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "Bishop John's letter in response to General Synod's vote to amend Marriage Canon XXI". Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "Quebec becomes 10th diocese to offer same-sex blessings". www.anglicanjournal.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ correspondent, Harriet Sherwood Religion (9 June 2016). "Desmond Tutu's daughter: 'painful' to give up ministry after marrying woman". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Why This Archbishop Wept When His Church Rejected Same-Sex Blessings | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Southern African synod to consider blessing same-sex civil unions". www.anglicannews.org. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ WalesOnline (15 September 2011). "Church in Wales looks at pension rights for clerics' partners". walesonline. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Church in Wales shows support for same sex marriage | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ James, David (6 April 2016). "The Church in Wales has apologised to gay and lesbian people". walesonline. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "BBC NEWS | UK | England | Beds/Bucks/Herts | Gay cleric's 'wedding' to partner". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ CNN, By Ben Brumfield. "Priests in same-sex relationships may become Anglican Bishops - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 12 June 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "Church of England News: Secretary General responds to GAFCON UK". Church of England News. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "BBC - Religions - Christianity: Same-sex marriage". Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ Bennett, John. "St Mary and St Nicolas - Prayers for Same Sex Couples". www.stmaryandstnicolas.org.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ "Weddings". St John's, Waterloo. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ "Listening process vital to bring gay, lesbian clergy in from margins". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Minister Rev Tom Gordon civil partnership 'welcomed'". BBC News. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Episcopal Church formally embraces same-sex marriage". Los Angeles Times. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "Acts of Convention: Resolution # 2009-C056". www.episcopalarchives.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Same-Sex Nuptials". Weddings at St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ "Same-sex wedding blessed in Dundee Cathedral". KaleidoScot. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
^ "Scottish Episcopal Church takes gay marriage step". BBC News. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
^ Abrams, Abigail. "The Scottish Episcopal Church Just Voted to Allow Same-Sex Marriage". Time. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
^ "The Alliance of Baptists: Statement on Same-Sex Marriage" (PDF). 17 April 2004. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ Gryboski, Michael (11 January 2017). "Historic Baptist Church Hires Same-Sex Couple to Lead Congregation in Nation's Capital". The Christian Post. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "USA National Conference". Cofchrist.org. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Community of Christ Church to allow same-sex marriages, commitment ceremonies, KSHB-TV, Apr 21, 2013
^ "Norway's priests call for gay marriage service". 11 December 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ Fouche, Gwladys (31 January 2017). "Norway's Lutheran Church embraces same-sex marriage". reuters.com.
^ Church of Sweden Priests to Wed Gay Couples in Gender-Neutral Ceremonies, Fox News, 22 October 2009.
^ Church of Sweden to conduct gay weddings, UPI, 22 October 2009.
^ Sweden's Lutheran church to celebrate gay weddings, AFP via Google News, 22 October 2009.
^ Wiedemann, Dennis. "HuK e. V. | Ökumenische Arbeitsgruppe Homosexuelle und Kirche". www.huk.org (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Segnung Homosexueller: Bunt wie ein Regenbogen". www.evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Brief Summary of Actions, Eleventh ELCA Churchwide Assembly". ecla.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Orange, Richard (7 June 2012). "Gay Danish couples win right to marry in church". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "Registered partnerships | Evl.fi - Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland". notes.evl.fi. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Bishops divided over same-sex marriage". Yle Uutiset. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ Informationsdienst, Reformierte Landeskirche Aargau, 5001 Aarau;. "Segnungsfeiern - Reformierte Landeskirche Aargau". www.ref-ag.ch. Retrieved 12 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Homosexuelle machen die Ehe stark". www.evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Church Federation in the Netherlands Closes in on Blessing Same-Sex Unions". ChristianityToday.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Protestant Church in Netherlands to Grant Blessings to Gay Couples". www.christianpost.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "France's main Protestant Church gives blessing to gay marriages". rt.com. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ Bennett Rylah, Juliet (26 June 2015). "The First Gay Marriage in the U.S. Took Place in Los Angeles in 1968". LAist. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Birkitt, James. "Rev. Troy Perry: The Father of Marriage Equality" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ Bates, Stephen; correspondent, religious affairs (30 June 2005). "Methodist leaders vote to bless gay couples". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions - Marriage and Relationships". www.methodist.org.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Methodist Conference receives report on same-sex marriage". www.methodist.org.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Civil Union Zealand Methodist Same-sex marriage". www.methodist.org.nz. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA" (PDF). methodist.org.za. 24 November 2015.
^ "The Methodist Church is confused and irrational | Daily Maverick". www.dailymaverick.co.za. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ Ring, Trudy (3 October 2013). "An Alternative Way to Be Catholic - and LGBT". The Advocate. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "Church of Scotland votes to allow gay ministers in civil partnerships". BBC News. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ Association, Press (21 May 2016). "Church of Scotland votes to allow ministers to be in same-sex marriages". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Kirk's General Assembly moves towards allowing gay marriage". BBC News. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ Van Marter, Jerry. "Assembly approves allowing pastors to perform same-gender marriage where legal Sends proposed constitutional amendment changing marriage definition". www.pcusa.org. General Assembly News. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
^ Goodstein, Laurie (17 March 2015). "Largest Presbyterian Denomination Gives Final Approval for Same-Sex Marriage". www.nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ "What We Believe". The United Church of Canada. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ "Equal Marriage Rights for All" (PDF). United Church of Christ. 4 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ issues: Conservative Judaism". Human Rights Campaign. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBT Issues: Reconstructionist Judaism". Human Rights Campaign. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBT Issues: Reform Judaism". Human Rights Campaign. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c "CMI Brasil - Religião e Homossexualidade". midiaindependente.org.
^ "Congresso Nacional de Umbanda". Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Barnes, Taylor (23 June 2011). "Brazil gays celebrate first mass wedding". Public Radio International. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Buddhism". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ Kure, Rena (22 October 2015). "Buddhist Priest Invites Same-Sex Couples To Marry At His Temple". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ Dart, John (1 July 1995). "U.S. Buddhist Group Approves Marriage-Like Rights for Gays". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Hinduism". Human Rights Campaign. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ Choate, Ambaa (18 April 2013). "Marriage Equality and Hinduism". Patheos. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Around the Nation- Unitarians Endorse Homosexual Marriages". New York Times. 29 June 1984. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ Oesterblad, Jacqui (17 March 2017). "It feels much more personal than the Church's previous stance against homosexuality". Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ Harris, Jeremy (1 June 2016). "Defeated in the U.S., LDS Church takes fight against same-sex marriage to Mexico". KUTV. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Eastern Orthodox Church". Human Rights Campaign. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ "A Church Statement on Human Sexuality" (PDF). Evangelical Free Church of America. May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ Funk, Tim (24 April 2016). "Charlotte gay wedding defies United Methodist Church rules". The Charlotte Observe. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ "United Methodist Church Elects First Openly Gay Bishop, In Defiance of Church Rules". NPR. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Oriental Orthodox Church". Human Rights Campaign. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Pentecostals". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Presbyterian Church in America". Human Rights Campaign. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
^ "Considerations Regarding Proposals To Give Legal Recognition To Unions Between Homosexual Persons". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 2013-11-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Statement from We Are Church international movement". We-are-church.org. 2 December 2005. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Southern Baptist Convention". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
^ Puneet Singh Lamba. "The supreme body of Sikhism condemned same-sex marriage in 2005". Sikhtimes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[Netherlands-1] Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and St Maarten.

[Denmark-2] Includes both Greenland and the Faroe Islands.

[New_Zealand-3] Excluding Tokelau, Niue and the Cook Islands.

[United_Kingdom-4] Excluding Alderney, Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Jersey, Montserrat, Northern Ireland, Sark, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.

[United-5] Excluding most Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal in 24 of them). Application to American Samoa unclear.

[Mark_Stevenson_Associated_Press-6] Mark Stevenson (29 December 2009). "Mexico City enacts region's 1st gay marriage law". MSNBC. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Western_Balkans-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Attitudes towards LGBTIQ+ people in the Western Balkans" (PDF). ERA – LGBTI Equal Rights Association for the Western Balkans and Turke. June 2023.

[10] "Un 70% d'andorrans aprova el matrimoni homosexual". Diari d'Andorra (in Catalan). 7 July 2013.

[temp-americas-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Cultura polítical de la democracia en la República Dominicana y en las Américas, 2016/17" (PDF). Vanderbilt University (in Spanish). 13 November 2017. p. 132.

[temp-Ipsos_2023-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad LGBT+ PRIDE 2023 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.

[temp-Pew_Survey_2023-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Retrieved 12 December 2023.

[temp-Pew_Survey_2017-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Pew. Retrieved 11 May 2017.

[temp-PRC17_2-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe - Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

[16] "Bevolking Aruba pro geregistreerd partnerschap zelfde geslacht". Antiliaans Dagblad (in Dutch). 26 February 2021.

[temp-Eurobarometer-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU" (PDF). TNS. European Commission. p. 2. Retrieved 23 September 2019. The question was whether same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe.

[temp-americas1-18] "Barómetro de las Américas: Actualidad – 2 de junio de 2015" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. 2 July 2015.

[temp-Ipsos_2021-20] LGBT+ PRIDE 2021 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2023.

[Centro_de_Investigación_y_de_Estudios_Políticos_(CIEP)_de_la_Universidad_de_Costa_Rica-21] ttps://www.ciep.ucr.ac.cr/images/INFORMESUOP/EncuestaEnero/Informe-encuesta-ENERO-2018.pdf ^{[dead link]}

[22] "Encuesta: Un 63,1% de los cubanos quiere matrimonio igualitario en la Isla". Diario de Cuba (in Spanish). 18 July 2019.

[23] "67% of Czechs support same-sex marriage, says new poll". 23 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[24] Guzman, Samuel (5 February 2018). "Encuesta de CDN sobre matrimonio homosexual en RD recibe más de 300 mil votos - CDN - El Canal de Noticias de los Dominicanos" [CDN survey on homosexual marriage in DR receives more than 300 thousand votes] (in Spanish).

[temp-AB_Ecuador-25] America's Barometer Topical Brief #034, Disapproval of Same-Sex Marriage in Ecuador: A Clash of Generations?, 23 July 2019. Counting ratings 1–3 as 'disapprove', 8–10 as 'approve', and 4–7 as neither.

[26] ttps://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/el-salvador-elecciones_partido-de-bukele-se--consolida--en-preferencias-electorales-en-el-salvador/46307812

[27] "Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2023)" (PDF). Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus. April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[28] "წინარწმენიდან თანასწორობამდე (From Prejudice to Equality), part 2" (PDF). WISG. 2022.

[29] "Eurobarometer 2023: Discrimination in the European Union". europa.eu. Retrieved 1 January 2024.

[30] "Más del 70% de los hondureños rechaza el matrimonio homosexual". Diario La Prensa (in Spanish). 17 May 2018.

[31] "Litlar breytingar á viðhorfi til giftinga samkynhneigðra" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Gallup. September 2006.

[32] Staff (13 February 2023). "64% favor recognizing same-sex marriage in Japan: Kyodo poll". Kyodo News. Retrieved 13 February 2023.

[33] Isoda, Kazuaki (21 February 2023). "Survey: 72% of voters in favor of legalizing gay marriages". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 27 February 2023.

[34] Vogt, Desiree (March 2021). "Rückhalt für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Liechtensteiner Vaterland (in German).

[35] "Most Mozambicans against homosexual violence, study finds". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 4 June 2018., (full report)

[36] "First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: 61% of Pinoys oppose, and 22% support, a law that will allow the civil union of two men or two women". 29 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.

[DGP-37] Mikołajczyk, Marek. "Tak dla związków partnerskich, nie dla adopcji [SONDAŻ DGP]". Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. Retrieved 25 April 2024.

[temp-June_2019_poll-38] "Отношение к сексменьшинствам" (in Russian). ФОМ. June 2019.

[39] ttps://crd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ENGLESKA-VERZIJA-1.pdf

[40] ttps://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/704584-polovici-slovenskych-obcanov-neprekazaju-registrovane-partnerstva-pre-pary-rovnakeho-pohlavia/

[41] Strong, Matthew (19 May 2023). "Support for gay marriage surges in Taiwan 4 years after legalization". Taiwan News. Retrieved 19 May 2023.

[42] "Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності: УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ (16-20 серпня 2023) Назад до списку". 24 August 2023.

[43] Simons, Ned (4 February 2023). "It's Ten Years Since MPs Voted For Gay Marriage, But Is There A 'Backlash'?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2023.

[44] "Opinión sobre el matrimonio igualitario" [Opinion on equal marriage]. Equipos Consultores. 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.

[45] Crónica Uno, Encuesta refleja que mayoría de venezolanos apoya igualdad de derechos para la población LGBTIQ, 2 March, 2023

[46] "South Africa to legalize gay marriage". MSNBC. Associated Press. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2017.

[47] Smith, Nicola (21 May 2017). "Taiwan's same-sex marriage ruling could cement its place as Asia's liberal beacon". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 May 2017.

[48] "Cambodian king backs gay marriage". BBC News. 20 February 2004. Retrieved 11 April 2017.

[49] Mosbergen, Dominique (14 October 2015). "In Cambodia, Some Families Still Try To 'Cure' LGBT Sons And Daughters". The Huffington Post.

[50] "Getting Married in Hong Kong". Angloinfo. Angloinfo. Retrieved 15 June 2016.

[51] "Gay man sues for right to marry in China's first same-sex marriage lawsuit". South China Morning Post. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.

[52] "Chinese Court Rules Against Gay Couple Seeking To Get Married". The Two-Way. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.

[53] "Visa & Tax Implications for Same Sex Marriage Partners in China". China Briefing. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2017.

[54] "Israel News - Haaretz Israeli News source". haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[55] "Japan allows its citizens same-sex marriage abroad". Google.com. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[56] "Nepal's highest court confirms full rights for LGBT people ·". Pinknews.co.uk. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2013.

[57] "Tears of Joy as Nepali Gays Transgender Persons at Supreme Court Decision". Ukgaynews.org.uk. 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[58] Sharma, Bhadra (16 September 2015). "Assembly in Nepal Approves New Constitution". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 September 2015.

[:0-59] "Nepal lawmakers approve first LGBTI protections in new constitution - Gay Star News". 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.

[60] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[61] "블로그 :: 네이버". Blog.naver.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[62] Lii Wen (21 December 2014). "Gay marriage proposal set for review". Taipei Times. Retrieved 21 December 2014.

[63] CNN, Katie Hunt and Karina Tsui. "Taiwan step closer to being first in Asia for same-sex marriage". CNN. Retrieved 24 May 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[64] "ILGA-Europe". ilga-europe.org.^{[permanent dead link]}

[65] "Albania passes anti-discrimination law". Sgn.org. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[66] "House passes historic civil partnerships bill (Update)". Cyprus Mail.

[67] "Civil unions become law". InCyprus. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[68] tCY. "Gay νέα και ειδήσεις: Τέθηκε σε ισχύ η πολιτική συμβίωση στην Κύπρο - Antivirus Magazine". Antivirus Magazine.

[69] "Czech MPs approve gay rights law". BBC News. 15 March 2006.

[70] "Low turn out for gay Czech civil partnerships". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[71] Selon la préfecture de police, il n'y a (presque) pas eu de Marche des fiertés Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Tetu, 25 June 2011

[72] "France Legalizes Gay Marriage After Harsh Debate". New York Times. 23 April 2013.

[73] "Greek parliament legalizes same-sex cohabitation". The TOC In English. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[74] "Greek Parliament Legalizes Same-Sex Civil Partnerships". The Huffington Post. 23 December 2015.

[75] ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις.

[76] "Gay and Lesbian Marriage, Partnership or Unions Worldwide". UK Gay News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[77] "Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage". Icenews.is. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[78] "Partnership laws come into force". The Irish Times. 1 January 2011.

[79] "Insight Scoop | The Ignatius Press Blog: New Irish Government Raises Concerns for Catholics". Insightscoop.typepad.com. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2013.

[80] "Huge Republic of Ireland vote for gay marriage". BBC News.

[81] "The Marriage Act 2015 has been signed into law". breakingnews.ie. Retrieved 29 October 2015.

[82] "Civil unions become law". ANSA. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[83] "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights".

[84] "Aggornat: Ryan u Jaime jirregistraw l-ewwel zwieg gay f'Malta - TVM". TVM.

[85] The Associated Press (12 July 2017). "Malta Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[AP-86] "Majority in Norwegian parliament agrees on new law allowing gay weddings, adoptions". Associated Press. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.

[VG-87] Ravndal, Dennis; Gjermund Glesnes; Øystein Eian (11 June 2008). "Tårer da ekteskapsloven ble vedtatt". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 June 2008.

[88] "Portugal tipped to allow gay marriage". Pinknews.co.uk. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[89] "Same-sex marriage law backed in Portugal's parliament". BBC News. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[90] "Gay News From". 365gay.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[91] Slovenia boosts rights of same-sex couples

[92] Same-sex partnership act implemented

[93] "Spain 'to approve gay marriages'". BBC News. 19 March 2004. Retrieved 24 May 2010.

[94] "Here Media, Planet Out - Notes from the CEO Paul Colichman". planetout.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[95] Cadena SER. "Últimas noticias". cadenaser.com.

[96] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Ipsos_2013_opinion_poll-97] Cite error: The named reference Ipsos 2013 opinion poll was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[98] Gays Win Marriage Rights Archived 5 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Sveriges Radio English, 1 April 2009

[99] "Riksdagen beslutar om könsneutrala äktenskap på onsdag" [The Riksdag decides on gender neutral marriage on Wednesday] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[dn.se-100] [1] Archived 26 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[101] 19/12/2005 – 11:19:00 (19 December 2005). "Free Presbyterians picket first gay marriage in NI | BreakingNews.ie". Breakingnews.iol.ie. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: |author= has numeric name (help)

[grauni1127-102] Travis, Alan (17 February 2011). "Gay marriages and heterosexual civil partnerships may soon be welcomed". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 February 2011.

[pinknews1-103] Geen, Jessica. "Government proposes introducing gay marriage after Cameron intervention". PinkNews.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2012.

[Lords-104] "Gay marriage clears the House of Lords".

[105] "Gay marriage to be introduced in Scotland". BBC News. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

[106] "Same-sex marriage to be legalised". Government of Scotland. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

[107] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 6 June 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[108] "Latest News". Advocate.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[109] "Inter Press Service - Turning the World Downside Up". ipsnews.net. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[110] Erich Adolfo Moncada Cota (19 November 2006). "Mexico City Approves Same Sex Unions". Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[PCS-111] S. Lynne Walker (5 March 2007). "New law propels gay rights in Mexico". Mail & Guardian Online. Retrieved 15 December 2009.

[112] "Mexico's first civil union". Gay.com UK & Ireland. Associated Press. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2009.

[113] "Mexico City 1st in region to approve gay marriage". Associated Press. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.

[114] "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Associated Press. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.

[QR_marriages_legal-115] Brisa Muñoz (2 December 2011). "Dos matrimonios homosexuales se casaron en un municipio conservador" (in Spanish). CNN México. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[QR_marriages_annulled-116] Santana, Rosa (17 April 2012). "Anula gobernador de Quintana Roo dos bodas gay; lo acusan de homofóbico". Proceso (in Spanish). Comunicación e Información, S.A. de C.V. Retrieved 20 April 2012.

[QR_marriages_reinstated-117] Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 13 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[118] "Seremos el quinto estado en celebrar uniones entre el mismo sexo". El Heraldo de Chihuahua. 23 August 2013.

[119] Andrew Potts (6 September 2013). "Chihuahua becomes fourth Mexican state to legalize same-sex marriage". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[120] Ulises Gutiérrez (13 January 2010). "Proponen matrimonio homosexual en Sonora" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved 16 January 2010.

[121] Fernando Hernández (15 January 2010). "A favor PRI y PRD del aborto y matrimonios gays" (in Spanish). El Heraldo de Tabasco. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[122] Nicolás Casimiro (25 December 2009). "Matrimonios gay y despenalización del aborto, en la agenda del PRD para 2010" (in Spanish). Quadratín. Retrieved 26 December 2009.

[123] El Universal (23 December 2009). "Acepta gobernador de Colima debatir sobre sociedades en convivencia" (in Spanish). Yahoo! México. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[124] Mexico state of Chihuahua officially approves same-sex marriage, 12 June 2015

[125] Mexican state to allow same-sex marriage, 12 June 2015

[126] US Supreme Court. "Obergefell v. Hodges" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. US Supreme Court. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[mercury_mintz-127] Mintz, Howard (15 May 2008). "California Supreme Court legalizes same-sex marriage". Mercury News. Retrieved 15 May 2008.

[128] "California ballot initiatives (Nr.1298)". Sos.ca.gov. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[129] "Opinions" (PDF). courtinfo.ca.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) -- For a review see: Thomas Kupka, Names and Designations in Law, in: The Journal Jurisprudence 6 (2010) 121-130 Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)

[130] "Online NewsHour: The Battle Over Same Sex Marriage – The Defense of Marriage Act". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[Opinion-131] "United States v. Windsor" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[132] "DOMA decision a win for LGBT immigration rights advocates – First Read". Firstread.nbcnews.com. Retrieved 2 November 2013.

[133] Forman, Shira (27 February 2015). "DOL Issues Final Rule Amending FMLA Definition of "Spouse" to Include Same-Sex Marriages". Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP. Retrieved 28 February 2015.

[134] Trotier, Geoffrey S. (24 February 2015). "FMLA "Spouse" Definition Now Includes Same-Sex Spouses and Common-Law Spouses". The National Law Review. von Briesen & Roper, s.c. Retrieved 28 February 2015.

[135] Gozdecki, Jeanine M. (25 February 2015). "FMLA Final Rule: "Spouse" Means Same-Sex Spouse (Even in Alabama)". The National Law Review. Barnes & Thornburg LLP. Retrieved 28 February 2015.

[136] Supreme Court Ruling Makes Same-Sex Marriage a Right Nationwide Adam Liptakjune, New York Times, June 26, 2015.

[137] "Constitutional Amendment to Ban Gay Marriage in Puerto Rico Fails". Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[138] Sagapolutele, Fili. "gay marriage illegal in American Samoa". USNews. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[139] "Blackfeet Tribal Law and Order Code, Family Code". Retrieved 17 April 2017.

[140] Schoenfeld, Ed (24 February 2015). "Tlingit-Haida Central Council OKs same-sex marriages". KCAW. Retrieved 21 April 2017.

[141] Gutierrez-Morfin, Noel (13 December 2016). "Cherokee Nation Begins Recognizing Same-Sex Marriages". NBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2017.

[142] Stuart, Hunter (22 October 2013). "Gay Couple Married In Oklahoma: Jason Pickel, Darren Black Bear Tie The Knot Despite State Ban". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

[143] "Siletz Marriage Ordinance: Siletz Tribal Code § 8.400" (PDF). 15 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2017. ...[I]t is the policy of the Tribe that the marriages of same sex couples and the marriages of opposite sex couples be treated equally in all respects under Tribal law.

[KOIN-144] "Coquille tribe approves same-sex marriages". KOIN. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.^{[permanent dead link]}

[145] Graves, Bill (20 August 2008). "Gay marriage in Oregon? Tribe says yes". The Oregonian. Retrieved 7 September 2008.

[146] "California Native American Tribe Announces Support of Same Sex Marriage: Santa Ysabel Tribe First in California to Make Proclamation". Rock Hill Herald Online. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[147] Stegman, Erik (7 March 2013). "BREAKING: Little Traverse Bay Bands Of Odawa Becomes Third Tribal Nation To Pass Marriage Equality". ThinkProgress. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

[148] Eaton, Kristi (23 March 2017). "Native American Osage Nation Votes in Favor of Same-Sex Marriage". NBC News. Retrieved 21 April 2017.

[149] "West Michigan couple have first same-sex wedding in Pokagon Tribal Court". WWMT Newschannel 3. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[150] "Labor votes in favour of gay marriage". Theage.com.au. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[151] Daniel, Hurst (1 July 2015). "Cross-party same-sex marriage bill to be introduced in August". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2015.

[152] "Cross party plan reached on same sex marriage". Sky News. 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[153] "No same-sex marriage: PM", Fiji Sun, 27 March 2013

[154] Dan Littauer (27 March 2013). "Fiji prime minister says no to gay marriage". Gaystarnews.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[155] Isaac Davison (17 April 2013). "Same-sex marriage law passed". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 17 April 2013.

[Radio_NZ-156] Monday 2 December - 5:38 pm NZT (21 April 2013). "Legislation to legalise same-sex marriage passed in Parliament this week has become law". Radionz.co.nz. Retrieved 2 December 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[157] "926 same sex marriages since law change". Department of Internal Affairs New Zealand. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

[158] "A year on: One third of NZ gay marriages are of Aussie couples". Gay News Network.

[159] "Samoa profile", BBC, 17 July 2012

[160] "Gay marriage in Samoa? You're dreaming, PM says" Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Samoa Observer, 8 May 2012

[161] "PM firm on rejection of same sex marriage". Samoaobserver.ws. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[162] "Argentine Senate backs bill legalising gay marriage". BBC News. 15 July 2010.

[163] "Argentina capital recognizes same-sex marriage for tourists". jurist.org. 21 May 2012.

[164] "Brazil appellate court says gay marriage is legal". Chicago Sun-Times. 25 October 2011.

[165] "Decisão do CNJ obriga cartórios a fazer casamento homossexual". G1. 14 May 2013.

[166] Colombian court confirms equal rights for same-sex couples, Pink News, 29 January 2009

[167] "Colombia president backs same-sex marriage". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights.

[168] "DECISION C-577/11 The homosexuals have the right to form a family" (PDF). Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[169] "Colombian court says Congress must decide on gay marriage". CNN. 27 July 2011.

[170] "Marriage Equality Comes to Colombia". 7 April 2016.

[171] 10 thousand sign petition in favor of civil union for gay couples, Peru this Week, 2 April 2014

[172] "Peru Compiles Signatures For LGBT Civil Unions". HuffPost. 10 April 2014.

[173] Template:Es icon La unión civil y unión solidaria volverán a debatirse en agosto en Perú

[174] (Spanish) Los diputados de Uruguay aprueban la adopción para parejas homosexuales, El Mundo, 28 August 2009

[175] Uruguay approves Latin America's first gay adoption law, AFP, 9 September 2009

[176] "Uruguay assembly votes to legalize gay marriage". Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[177] Template:Es icon Uruguay aprueba el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo

[178] Catherine E. Shoichet, CNN (10 April 2013). "Same-sex marriage bill awaits president's signature in Uruguay". CNN. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[179] "Same-sex marriage bill comes into force in Uruguay". Bbc.co.uk. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[180] Wyatt, Caroline (11 January 2016). "Anglican communion's 'bitter divide' over gay rights". BBC News. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[181] Quiqcorp. "Anglican Taonga : New Zealand's Anglican News Leader". anglicantaonga.org.nz. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[182] "Liturgical Resources | CalledSouth". calledsouth.org.nz. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[183] "Marriages in Dunedin North Anglican Parish" (PDF). allsaintsdn.org.nz. 2016.

[184] Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Civil union, 2005". www.teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[185] "BBC NEWS | Special Reports | Anglican Church around the world". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[186] "Perth Anglicans vote to recognise same-sex relationships". ABC News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[187] "Church comes out in support of gay marriage". Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[188] Porter, Muriel (16 June 2014). "Bishop whose heart 'lay with the alien and the outsider'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[189] "Anglican priest running LGBTI parish service in Perth". ABC News. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[190] "Anglicans to allow same-sex marriage after vote recount". CBC News. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[Anglican_Church_of_Canada1-191] Ireland, Nicole (14 July 2016). "Anglican Church will weather divide on same-sex marriage, officials say". CBC News. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[DioceseOfNiagara-192] "Statement After General Synod Vote on the Marriage Canon". Anglican Diocese of Niagara. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[DioceseOfOttawa-193] "Bishop John's letter in response to General Synod's vote to amend Marriage Canon XXI". Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[194] "Quebec becomes 10th diocese to offer same-sex blessings". www.anglicanjournal.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[195] rrespondent, Harriet Sherwood Religion (9 June 2016). "Desmond Tutu's daughter: 'painful' to give up ministry after marrying woman". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[196] "Why This Archbishop Wept When His Church Rejected Same-Sex Blessings | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[197] "Southern African synod to consider blessing same-sex civil unions". www.anglicannews.org. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[198] WalesOnline (15 September 2011). "Church in Wales looks at pension rights for clerics' partners". walesonline. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[199] "Church in Wales shows support for same sex marriage | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[200] James, David (6 April 2016). "The Church in Wales has apologised to gay and lesbian people". walesonline. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[201] "BBC NEWS | UK | England | Beds/Bucks/Herts | Gay cleric's 'wedding' to partner". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[202] CNN, By Ben Brumfield. "Priests in same-sex relationships may become Anglican Bishops - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 12 June 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[203] "Church of England News: Secretary General responds to GAFCON UK". Church of England News. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[204] "BBC - Religions - Christianity: Same-sex marriage". Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[205] Bennett, John. "St Mary and St Nicolas - Prayers for Same Sex Couples". www.stmaryandstnicolas.org.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[206] "Weddings". St John's, Waterloo. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[207] "Listening process vital to bring gay, lesbian clergy in from margins". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[208] "Minister Rev Tom Gordon civil partnership 'welcomed'". BBC News. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[EpiscopalChurch-209] "Episcopal Church formally embraces same-sex marriage". Los Angeles Times. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[210] "Acts of Convention: Resolution # 2009-C056". www.episcopalarchives.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[211] "Same-Sex Nuptials". Weddings at St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[212] "Same-sex wedding blessed in Dundee Cathedral". KaleidoScot. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[213] "Scottish Episcopal Church takes gay marriage step". BBC News. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[214] Abrams, Abigail. "The Scottish Episcopal Church Just Voted to Allow Same-Sex Marriage". Time. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[215] "The Alliance of Baptists: Statement on Same-Sex Marriage" (PDF). 17 April 2004. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[216] Gryboski, Michael (11 January 2017). "Historic Baptist Church Hires Same-Sex Couple to Lead Congregation in Nation's Capital". The Christian Post. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[cofchrist.org-217] "USA National Conference". Cofchrist.org. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.

[218] Community of Christ Church to allow same-sex marriages, commitment ceremonies, KSHB-TV, Apr 21, 2013

[219] "Norway's priests call for gay marriage service". 11 December 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[220] Fouche, Gwladys (31 January 2017). "Norway's Lutheran Church embraces same-sex marriage". reuters.com.

[FOX-221] Church of Sweden Priests to Wed Gay Couples in Gender-Neutral Ceremonies, Fox News, 22 October 2009.

[222] Church of Sweden to conduct gay weddings, UPI, 22 October 2009.

[AFP-223] Sweden's Lutheran church to celebrate gay weddings, AFP via Google News, 22 October 2009.

[224] Wiedemann, Dennis. "HuK e. V. | Ökumenische Arbeitsgruppe Homosexuelle und Kirche". www.huk.org (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[225] "Segnung Homosexueller: Bunt wie ein Regenbogen". www.evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[226] "Brief Summary of Actions, Eleventh ELCA Churchwide Assembly". ecla.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[ChurchOfDenmark-227] Orange, Richard (7 June 2012). "Gay Danish couples win right to marry in church". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[228] "Registered partnerships | Evl.fi - Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland". notes.evl.fi. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[229] "Bishops divided over same-sex marriage". Yle Uutiset. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[230] Informationsdienst, Reformierte Landeskirche Aargau, 5001 Aarau;. "Segnungsfeiern - Reformierte Landeskirche Aargau". www.ref-ag.ch. Retrieved 12 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[231] "Homosexuelle machen die Ehe stark". www.evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[232] "Church Federation in the Netherlands Closes in on Blessing Same-Sex Unions". ChristianityToday.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[233] "Protestant Church in Netherlands to Grant Blessings to Gay Couples". www.christianpost.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[234] "France's main Protestant Church gives blessing to gay marriages". rt.com. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[235] Bennett Rylah, Juliet (26 June 2015). "The First Gay Marriage in the U.S. Took Place in Los Angeles in 1968". LAist. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[236] Birkitt, James. "Rev. Troy Perry: The Father of Marriage Equality" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[237] Bates, Stephen; correspondent, religious affairs (30 June 2005). "Methodist leaders vote to bless gay couples". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[238] "Frequently Asked Questions - Marriage and Relationships". www.methodist.org.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[239] "Methodist Conference receives report on same-sex marriage". www.methodist.org.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[240] "Civil Union Zealand Methodist Same-sex marriage". www.methodist.org.nz. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[241] "CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA" (PDF). methodist.org.za. 24 November 2015.

[242] "The Methodist Church is confused and irrational | Daily Maverick". www.dailymaverick.co.za. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[243] Ring, Trudy (3 October 2013). "An Alternative Way to Be Catholic - and LGBT". The Advocate. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

[244] "Church of Scotland votes to allow gay ministers in civil partnerships". BBC News. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[245] Association, Press (21 May 2016). "Church of Scotland votes to allow ministers to be in same-sex marriages". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[246] "Kirk's General Assembly moves towards allowing gay marriage". BBC News. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[247] Van Marter, Jerry. "Assembly approves allowing pastors to perform same-gender marriage where legal Sends proposed constitutional amendment changing marriage definition". www.pcusa.org. General Assembly News. Retrieved 19 July 2014.

[248] Goodstein, Laurie (17 March 2015). "Largest Presbyterian Denomination Gives Final Approval for Same-Sex Marriage". www.nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2015.

[249] "What We Believe". The United Church of Canada. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[250] "Equal Marriage Rights for All" (PDF). United Church of Christ. 4 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[251] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ issues: Conservative Judaism". Human Rights Campaign. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[252] "Stances of Faiths on LGBT Issues: Reconstructionist Judaism". Human Rights Campaign. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[253] "Stances of Faiths on LGBT Issues: Reform Judaism". Human Rights Campaign. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[brazil-254] "CMI Brasil - Religião e Homossexualidade". midiaindependente.org.

[255] "Congresso Nacional de Umbanda". Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[256] Barnes, Taylor (23 June 2011). "Brazil gays celebrate first mass wedding". Public Radio International. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[257] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Buddhism". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[258] Kure, Rena (22 October 2015). "Buddhist Priest Invites Same-Sex Couples To Marry At His Temple". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[259] Dart, John (1 July 1995). "U.S. Buddhist Group Approves Marriage-Like Rights for Gays". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[260] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Hinduism". Human Rights Campaign. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[261] Choate, Ambaa (18 April 2013). "Marriage Equality and Hinduism". Patheos. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[262] "Around the Nation- Unitarians Endorse Homosexual Marriages". New York Times. 29 June 1984. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[263] Oesterblad, Jacqui (17 March 2017). "It feels much more personal than the Church's previous stance against homosexuality". Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 April 2017.

[264] Harris, Jeremy (1 June 2016). "Defeated in the U.S., LDS Church takes fight against same-sex marriage to Mexico". KUTV. Retrieved 6 April 2017.

[265] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Eastern Orthodox Church". Human Rights Campaign. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2017.

[266] "A Church Statement on Human Sexuality" (PDF). Evangelical Free Church of America. May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2017.

[267] Funk, Tim (24 April 2016). "Charlotte gay wedding defies United Methodist Church rules". The Charlotte Observe. Retrieved 6 April 2017.

[268] "United Methodist Church Elects First Openly Gay Bishop, In Defiance of Church Rules". NPR. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2017.

[269] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Oriental Orthodox Church". Human Rights Campaign. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2017.

[270] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Pentecostals". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 7 April 2017.

[271] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Presbyterian Church in America". Human Rights Campaign. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2017.

[272] "Considerations Regarding Proposals To Give Legal Recognition To Unions Between Homosexual Persons". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 2013-11-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[273] "Statement from We Are Church international movement". We-are-church.org. 2 December 2005. Retrieved 2 November 2013.

[274] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Southern Baptist Convention". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 7 April 2017.

[275] Puneet Singh Lamba. "The supreme body of Sikhism condemned same-sex marriage in 2005". Sikhtimes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[nb 1]

[nb 2]

[nb 3]

[nb 4]

[nb 5]

[1]

[a]

[b]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[c]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
 ====Greece====
 {{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Greece}}
-In Greece, there is a legal recognition of same-sex couples since 24 December 2015. Attempts to give equal rights to registered partners or to legalize same-sex marriage begun in Spring 2008, after the Greek [[Ministry of Justice, Transparency and Human Rights|Minister of Justice, Transparency and Human Rights]] announced that a bill was to be introduced to the [[Vouli|Hellenic Parliament]] in order to regulate civil partnerships for opposite-sex couples, but refused to include provisions for same-sex couples as well. The case was brought to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in 2013, which ruled that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the bill is discriminatory and a violation of human rights. However, on 9 November 2015, a new bill granting the same-sex couples all the rights of marriage except adoption was published. The bill was sent for public consultation which would end on 20 November 2015 and then was submitted to the Hellenic Parliament on 9 December 2015, and approved 14 days later, on 23 December, with 194 MPs voting yes, 55 voting no and 51 being absent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetoc.gr/eng/politics/article/greek-parliament-legalizes-same-sex-cohabitation|title=Greek parliament legalizes same-sex cohabitation|work=The TOC In English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/greece-gay-civil-partnerships_567ab87de4b06fa6887f815f|title=Greek Parliament Legalizes Same-Sex Civil Partnerships|date=23 December 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The following day, the law was signed by the [[President of Greece]] and published in the government gazette. It took effect upon publication.<ref>[http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wE4q6ggiv8WTXdtvSoClrL8RZsdmVE36E95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQ7YD-s2g-TGFc-ieGHzbhl8d9JIy5q3gnKRFHKgyKzGY. ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις.]</ref>
+In Greece, there is a legal recognition of same-sex couples since 24 December 2015. Attempts to give equal rights to registered partners or to legalize same-sex marriage begun in Spring 2008, after the Greek [[Ministry of Justice, Transparency and Human Rights|Minister of Justice, Transparency and Human Rights]] announced that a bill was to be introduced to the [[Vouli|Hellenic Parliament]] in order to regulate civil partnerships for opposite-sex couples, but refused to include provisions for same-sex couples as well. The case was brought to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in 2013, which ruled that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the bill is discriminatory and a violation of human rights. However, on 9 November 2015, a new bill granting the same-sex couples all the rights of marriage except adoption was published. The bill was sent for public consultation which would end on 20 November 2015 and then was submitted to the Hellenic Parliament on 9 December 2015, and approved 14 days later, on 23 December, with 194 MPs voting yes, 55 voting no and 51 being absent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetoc.gr/eng/politics/article/greek-parliament-legalizes-same-sex-cohabitation|title=Greek parliament legalizes same-sex cohabitation|work=The TOC In English|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20160613121253/http://www.thetoc.gr/eng/politics/article/greek-parliament-legalizes-same-sex-cohabitation|archivedate=13 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/greece-gay-civil-partnerships_567ab87de4b06fa6887f815f|title=Greek Parliament Legalizes Same-Sex Civil Partnerships|date=23 December 2015|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The following day, the law was signed by the [[President of Greece]] and published in the government gazette. It took effect upon publication.<ref>[http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wE4q6ggiv8WTXdtvSoClrL8RZsdmVE36E95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQ7YD-s2g-TGFc-ieGHzbhl8d9JIy5q3gnKRFHKgyKzGY. ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις.]</ref>
 ====Hungary====
@@ Line 267: / Line 267: @@
 On 21 December 2009, Mexico City's Legislative Assembly [[Same-sex marriage in Mexico City|legalized]] (39–20) same-sex marriages and adoption by same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | title=Mexico City 1st in region to approve gay marriage | date=21 December 2009 | url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5grJesfflOb0tjV_flyYRem81BVMwD9CNUCH00 | accessdate=21 December 2009}}</ref> Eight days later, the law was enacted and became effective in March 2010.<ref>{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | publisher=MSNBC | title=Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect | date=4 March 2010 | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35714490/ns/world_news-americas/#storyContinued | accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref>
-On 28 November 2011, the first two same-sex marriages occurred in Quintana Roo after discovering that Quintana Roo's Civil Code did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage,<ref name="QR marriages legal">{{cite web | author=Brisa Muñoz | publisher=CNN México | title=Dos matrimonios homosexuales se casaron en un municipio conservador | date=2 December 2011 | url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/12/02/los-matrimonios-del-mismo-sexo-despiertan-polemica-en-quintana-roo | language=Spanish| accessdate=2 January 2012}}</ref> but these marriages were later annulled by the [[governor of Quintana Roo]] in April 2012.<ref name="QR marriages annulled">{{cite web|url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=304595|work=[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]|publisher=Comunicación e Información, S.A. de C.V|title=Anula gobernador de Quintana Roo dos bodas gay; lo acusan de homofóbico|language=Spanish|date=17 April 2012|accessdate=20 April 2012|first=Rosa|last=Santana}}</ref> In May 2012, the [[Secretary of State]] of Quintana Roo reversed the annulments and allowed for future same-sex marriages to be performed in the state.<ref name="QR marriages reinstated">{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/845171.html|language=Spanish|title=Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo|first=Adriana|last=Varillas|publisher=''[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]''|date=3 May 2012|accessdate=13 June 2012}}</ref>
+On 28 November 2011, the first two same-sex marriages occurred in Quintana Roo after discovering that Quintana Roo's Civil Code did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage,<ref name="QR marriages legal">{{cite web | author=Brisa Muñoz | publisher=CNN México | title=Dos matrimonios homosexuales se casaron en un municipio conservador | date=2 December 2011 | url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/12/02/los-matrimonios-del-mismo-sexo-despiertan-polemica-en-quintana-roo | language=Spanish | accessdate=2 January 2012 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106064114/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/12/02/los-matrimonios-del-mismo-sexo-despiertan-polemica-en-quintana-roo | archivedate=6 January 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> but these marriages were later annulled by the [[governor of Quintana Roo]] in April 2012.<ref name="QR marriages annulled">{{cite web|url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=304595|work=[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]|publisher=Comunicación e Información, S.A. de C.V|title=Anula gobernador de Quintana Roo dos bodas gay; lo acusan de homofóbico|language=Spanish|date=17 April 2012|accessdate=20 April 2012|first=Rosa|last=Santana}}</ref> In May 2012, the [[Secretary of State]] of Quintana Roo reversed the annulments and allowed for future same-sex marriages to be performed in the state.<ref name="QR marriages reinstated">{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/845171.html|language=Spanish|title=Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo|first=Adriana|last=Varillas|publisher=''[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]''|date=3 May 2012|accessdate=13 June 2012}}</ref>
 On 30 April 2013, a male same-sex couple asked the Civil Registrar of Chihuahua to marry. The Civil Registar rejected because the State Constitution defines marriage as the union of a man and a woman. On 7 May 2013, the couple appealed the decision of the Civil Registar and on 19 August, judge, José Juan Múzquiz Gómez, of the Tenth District Court of the Chihuahua State recognized that they have the right to marry. The Civil Registar had up to 3 September to appeal the decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seremos el quinto estado en celebrar uniones entre el mismo sexo|date=23 August 2013|url=http://www.oem.com.mx/elheraldodechihuahua/notas/n3098171.htm|publisher=El Heraldo de Chihuahua}}</ref> The government of the state did not appeal the decision and allowed the deadline to pass. On 4 September 2013, Chihuahua became the third state in Mexico to allow same-sex couples to marry.<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew Potts |url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/chihuahau-becomes-fourth-mexican-state-legalize-same-sex-marriage060913 |title=Chihuahua becomes fourth Mexican state to legalize same-sex marriage |publisher=Gay Star News |date=2013-09-06 |accessdate=2013-11-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104074245/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/chihuahau-becomes-fourth-mexican-state-legalize-same-sex-marriage060913 |archivedate=4 November 2013 |df= }}</ref>
@@ Line 460: / Line 460: @@
 ** '''[[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]]''': The church has allowed the blessing of same-sex unions since 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/julyweb-only/7-16-44.0.html|title=Church Federation in the Netherlands Closes in on Blessing Same-Sex Unions|work=ChristianityToday.com|access-date=2017-06-12|language=en}}</ref> This has included the blessing of same-sex unions as well as marriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/protestant-church-in-netherlands-to-grant-blessings-to-gay-couples-8236/|title=Protestant Church in Netherlands to Grant ''Blessings'' to Gay Couples|website=www.christianpost.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref>
 ** The '''[[United Protestant Church of France]]''' authorised the blessing of same-sex unions by pastors in May 2015, two years after the government legalized same-sex marriages. Individual vicars may refuse to perform same-sex marriage ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/259489-france-protestants-gay-marriage/|title=France’s main Protestant Church gives blessing to gay marriages|work=rt.com|date=18 May 2015|accessdate=4 Apr 2017}}</ref>
-* The '''[[Metropolitan Community Church]]''' perform same-sex marriages. The MCC was founded to support LGBT Christians. In 1968, MCC founder Rev. [[Troy Perry]] officiated the first public same-sex marriage ceremony in the United States, though it was not legally recognized at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laist.com/2015/06/26/the_first_gay_marriage_in_the_us_wa.php|publisher=LAist|last=Bennett Rylah|first=Juliet|date=26 Jun 2015|accessdate=3 Apr 2017|title=The First Gay Marriage in the U.S. Took Place in Los Angeles in 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourhopemcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/MCCSame-SexMarriageDates-Part.pdf|title=Rev. Troy Perry: The Father of Marriage Equality|last=Birkitt|first=James|accessdate=3 Apr 2017}}</ref>
+* The '''[[Metropolitan Community Church]]''' perform same-sex marriages. The MCC was founded to support LGBT Christians. In 1968, MCC founder Rev. [[Troy Perry]] officiated the first public same-sex marriage ceremony in the United States, though it was not legally recognized at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laist.com/2015/06/26/the_first_gay_marriage_in_the_us_wa.php|publisher=LAist|last=Bennett Rylah|first=Juliet|date=26 Jun 2015|accessdate=3 Apr 2017|title=The First Gay Marriage in the U.S. Took Place in Los Angeles in 1968|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629191134/http://laist.com/2015/06/26/the_first_gay_marriage_in_the_us_wa.php|archivedate=29 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourhopemcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/MCCSame-SexMarriageDates-Part.pdf|title=Rev. Troy Perry: The Father of Marriage Equality|last=Birkitt|first=James|accessdate=3 Apr 2017}}</ref>
 * '''[[Methodism]]'''
 ** [[Methodist Church of Great Britain]]: In 2005, the Methodist Church voted to bless same-sex unions;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/30/religion.gayrights|title=Methodist leaders vote to bless gay couples|last=Bates|first=Stephen|date=2005-06-30|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-06-12|last2=correspondent|first2=religious affairs|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> while the word 'blessing' was not ultimately used, the Methodist Church did confirm that, for same-sex unions, "prayers of thanksgiving or celebration may be said, and there may be informal services of thanksgiving or celebration."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/human-sexuality/talking-of-marriage-and-relationships/frequently-asked-questions-marriage-and-relationships|title=Frequently Asked Questions - Marriage and Relationships|website=www.methodist.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref> Clergy are allowed to enter into same-sex civil partnerships or marriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/news-and-events/news-releases/methodist-conference-receives-report-on-same-sex-marriage|title=Methodist Conference receives report on same-sex marriage|website=www.methodist.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref>

v t e Status of same-sex unions around the world
Africa	Angola Botswana Egypt Lesotho Namibia Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Zimbabwe
Americas	Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Greenland Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Mexico Netherlands Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Nicaragua Paraguay Suriname United Kingdom Bermuda Cayman Islands Falkland Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands United States Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands U.S. tribal nations Uruguay Venezuela
Asia	Armenia Bhutan Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Israel Japan Nepal Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand United Kingdom British Indian Ocean Territory Vietnam
Europe	Albania Andorra Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey
Oceania	Australia Fiji Micronesia New Zealand Palau United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands United States American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands
Antarctica	United Kingdom British Antarctic Territory

Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:
Death	Prison; death not enforced
Death under militias	Prison, with arrests or detention
Prison, not enforced¹
Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:
Marriage	Extraterritorial marriage²
Civil unions	Limited domestic
Limited foreign	Optional certification
None	Restrictions of expression
Restrictions of association with arrest or detention

Revision as of 09:00, 3 November 2017

Civil recognition

Opinion polls

Africa

South Africa

Asia

Cambodia

China

India

Israel

Japan

Nepal

Philippines

South Korea

Taiwan

Europe

Albania

Belgium

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Malta

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom

England and Wales

Scotland

North America

Canada

Costa Rica

Mexico

United States

Federal recognition

Civil unions

U.S. Territories

Native American Tribes

Oceania

Australia

Fiji

New Zealand

Samoa

South America

Argentina

Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

Peru

Uruguay

Religious recognition

Recognized

Christianity

Judaism

Other

Not recognized

Christianity

Judaism

Islam

Others

See also

Notes

References