Anti-Armenianism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Armenophobia (also Anti-Armenianism, Anti-Armenism and Anti-Armenian sentiment) — fear or dislike of, or aversion to the Armenians; Armenia [1] , is hostility toward or prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian culture and the Republic of Armenia, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized persecution. Several organizations have stated that difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by the Turkish government[2] as well as by ultra-nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves. Such sentiments are also prevalent in Azerbaijan as well, and stem from the loss of the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the Khojaly Massacre, and also for domestic political reasons.
Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lack a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan, although these prejudices usually extend to the widespread Armenian Diaspora. The controversy and emotions surrounding the Armenian Genocide and Nagorno-Karabakh are two examples of intense anti-Armenianism in both countries. These facts do not themselves always imply a direct hate towards Armenians as a nation or ethnic group, as they tend to reflect the various historical and political tensions between these countries. Modern Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions or existence of the Armenian Republic, belief in an Armenian conspiracy to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain, or belief that Armenia is attempting to unfairly annex land from neighboring states.
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Contents |
[edit] Persecution under Ottoman Empire and Turkey
The Armenian people have suffered persecution by the Turkish government for over a century. Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the Ottoman Empire, as a community they were never accorded more than "second-class citizen" status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society [3]. In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire lead to Sultan Abdül Hamid's decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamidian massacres[4]. During World War I, the Ottoman government massacred up to 1.5 million Armenians in the Armenian Genocide.[5][not specific enough to verify] The position of the current Turkish government, however, is that the Armenians who died were casualties of the expected hardships of war, the casualties cited are exaggerated, and that there was no genocide. This position has been criticized by international genocide scholars[6], and by several governments, which have resolutions affirming the genocide.
Alparslan Türkeş, a late Turkish politician considered by many to have fascist views,[7] said:
Those that have torn down this nation are Greek, Armenian and Jew traitors, and Kurdish, Bosnian and Albanians… How can you, as a Turk, tolerate these dirty minorities. Remove from within the Armenians and Kurds and all Turkish enemies.[8]
In 2004, Belge Films, the film's distributor in Turkey pulled the release of Atom Egoyan's Ararat, a film about the Armenian Genocide, after receiving threats from the Ülkü Ocakları, an ulta nationalist organization in Turkey that has ties to Grey Wolves of Alparslan Türkeş.[9][10][11][12]
The Ankara Chamber of Commerce included a documentary, accusing the Armenian people of slaughtering Turks, with their paid tourism advertisements in the June 6, 2005 edition of the magazine TIME Europe. Time Europe later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVDs and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations. [13][14] The February 12, 2007 edition of Time Europe included an acknowledgment of the truth of the Armenian Genocide and a DVD of a documentary by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide.[15]
Hrant Dink, the editor of the Agos weekly Armenian newspaper, was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, allegedly by Ogün Samast. He was reportedly acting on the orders of Yasin Hayal, a militant Turkish ultra-nationalist.[16][17] For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian Genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for “insulting Turkishness.”.”[18][19] He had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian Genocide) as an act of treachery.[20]
[edit] Persecution in the Republic of Azerbaijan
During the Soviet era, Armenians and Azerbaijanis coexisted peacefully. When the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh broke out, however, this changed radically. There is an opinion that much of the anti-Armenian sentiments among the Azeri people today stem from the loss of the Nagorno-Karabakh War and the Khojaly Massacre (1992) perpetrated by Armenian irregulars against the Azeris during the war. However, it should also be noted that among the events precipitating the conflict were pogroms perpetrated by Azeris against ethnic Armenians in the Azeri towns of Sumgait (1988), Kirovabad (Ganja) (1988) and Baku (1990)[21][unreliable source?] and that the Azeris themselves committed atrocities against Armenians during the war, such as the attack on the town of Maraghar (1992).[22]
In 2004, Azeri lieutenant Ramil Safarov murdered the Armenian lieutenant Gurgen Markaryan in his sleep at a Partnership for Peace NATO program. Safarov's crime resulted in contradictory reactions in his home country: some propagated granting him the status of a national hero, while others expressed severe criticism and condemned Safarov for murder.[23]
Starting in 1998, Armenia began accusing Azerbaijan of embarking on a campaign of destroying a cemetery of finely carved Armenian khachkars in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.[24][dead link] On May 30, 2006, Azerbaijan barred the European Parliament from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site. Charles Tannock, British Conservative Party foreign affairs spokesman in the European parliament, stated: "This is very similar to the Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban. They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp. If they have nothing to hide then we should be allowed to inspect the terrain." Hannes Swoboda, an Austrian Socialist MEP and member of the committee barred from examining the site, said he hopes a visit can be arranged in the autumn. He stated that "if they do not allow us to go, we have a clear hint that something bad has happened. If something is hidden we want to ask why. It can only be because some of the allegations are true." He also warned: "One of the major elements of any country that wants to come close to Europe is that the cultural heritage of neighbors is respected."[25] The seething anti-Armenian sentiment present in much of Azerbaijan, and which likely enabled the khachkar destruction, can perhaps best be sensed in the response that the leader of Azerbaijani national chess team, Teimour Radjabov, gave to a question on how he felt about playing against the Armenian team: "[the] enemy is the enemy. We all hate them."[26]
[edit] Anti-Armenianism in Russia
- See also: Anti-national sentiment in Russia
A 19th century Russian chauvinist, Vasili Lvovich Velichko, who was active during the period when the Russian tzarizm carried out a purposeful anti-Armenian policy[27], wrote:
"Armenians are the extreme instance of brachycephaly; their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State".[28]
The Second Chechen War and the associated Chechen terrorism in Russia served as major factors in the grow of intolerance, xenophobia and racist violence in Russia, directed in a great part against the people from Caucasus.[29] These include Chechens, Azerbaijanis and Armenians. Six Armenians were killed as a result of racially motivated attacks on non-Slavic immigrants in 2006[30]. So far the reaction of the Russian government to these murders has been subdued, often failing to term the incidents hate crimes and declining to strongly condemn them.
[edit] Anti-Armenianism in Georgia
In 2007, the Georgian media began running several stories on the March 5th parliamentary elections in Abkhazia, claiming that ethnic Armenians in the area, who make up roughly 20% of the local population, would be controlling the elections.[citation needed][dubious ] The Georgian newspaper Sakartvelos Respublika predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected. The paper also reported that the Abkazanian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from Armenians living in the United States.[31] Some Armenian groups believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region. [31] The Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, which is believed by many Georgians to have been backed by Russia with Armenian assistance, has caused many problems for Georgia, as the Abkhazian separatist resulted in many ethnic Georgians killed and displaced, and Armenians in the region did side with local Abkhazians. Reports such as these suggest growing animosity towards Armenians in the country.
Georgia has also actively pursued a policy of desecration of Armenian spiritual-cultural values, churches and historical monuments on the territory of Georgia. On November 16, 2008, Georgian monk Tariel Sikinchelashvili instructed workers to raze to the ground the graves of patrons of art Mikhail and Lidia Tamamshev. The Armenian Church of Norashen in Tbilisi, built in the middle of the 15th century, has been vandalized and misappropriated by the Georgian government despite the fact that both Armenia's and Georgia's Prime-Ministers have reached an agreement on not to maltreat the church.[32] Due to no law on religion, the status of Surb Norashen, Surb Nshan, Shamhoretsor Surb Astvatsatsin (Karmir Avetaran), Yerevanots Surb Minas and Mugni Surb Gevorg in Tbilisi and Surb Nshan in Akhaltsikh is unknown since being confiscated during the Soviet era. Since independence in 1991, Georgian clergy have occupied the Armenian churches.[33] Armenians in Georgia and Armenia have demonstrated against the destructions. On November 28, 2008, Armenian demonstrators in front of the Georgian embassy in Armenia demanded that the Georgian government immediately cease encroachments on the Armenian churches and punish those guilty, calling the Georgian party's actions White Genocide.[34]
[edit] Anti-Armenianism in the United States
Historically, discrimination against Armenians in the United States first presented itself in the 20th century as some of the first Armenian immigrants set foot in the Central Valley of California. Local inhabitants often referred to the Armenians as "Asiatics" and "Brown-Farmers" and treated them as second class citizens. Armenians were not allowed in "whites only" areas. Nowhere was such discriminatory treatment more evident, than by local regulations which forbade Armenians the right to purchase property. However, all this changed when the California Supreme Court ruled against local prejudicial ordinances and gave Armenians the right to purchase property.
While prejudice against ethnic Armenians in the United States is not widespread today, two notable cases do exist. In April 2007, Los Angeles Times' Managing Editor Douglas Frantz blocked a story on the Armenian Genocide written by Mark Arax, citing the fact Arax was of Armenian descent and therefore had a biased opinion on the subject. Arax, who has published similar articles before[35] without issue, has lodged a discrimination complaint and threatened a federal lawsuit. Frantz, who did not cite any specific factual errors in the article, is accused of having a bias obtained while being stationed in Istanbul, Turkey. According to Harut Sassounian, an Armenian community leader, Frantz has expressed support for denial of the Armenian Genocide and has stated he personally believed that Armenians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, an argument commonly used to justify the killings.[35]. Frantz resigned from the paper not long afterward, possibly due to the mounting requests for his dismissal.[36] Another incident that received less coverage was a series of hate mail campaigns directed at Paul Krekorian, a city council candidate for Californian Democratic Primary, making racist remarks and accusations that the Armenian community was engaging in voter fraud.[37]
[edit] Anti-Armenianism by individuals
For several months in 1994, someone posted messages under the alias Serdar Argic claiming that the Armenian Genocide did not happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey.[citation needed]
Samuel Weems published the book Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State in May of 2002. Weems has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide.[38]
American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial view that no genocide was intended by the Ottoman Empire but that both Armenians and Turks died as the result of civil war. Some attribute his denial of the Armenian Genocide.[39] to anti-Armenianism, but there is no independent evidence that he holds anti-Armenian views.
Azeri cartoonist Kerim Kerimov Mammadhan has produced around 4500[40] Anti-Armenian cartoons, most of which depict crude caricatures of Armenians. Common themes of his work include portraying Armenians as giant snakes [41], terrorists [42], racists, fascists, and militarists bent on world domination [43]. His cartoons are often included with the phrase “Terrorism, narkomania, and armenism are the same disease”. His works also often mocks the Armenian Genocide and its recognition by foreign countries, especially countries in Europe.
During her interviews modern Azerbaijani historian Farida Mammadova has made anti-Armenian statements. According to her, "it is known, that on whole planet exactly the Armenian people is distinguished by the absence of spiritual and other human values".[44]
Barbaros Agri uses the social networking site Facebook to advocate anti-Armenianism by being the creator of "The Biggest Lie Ever Told: The Armenian Genocide"[45]. The cause has 93,000 plus members.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Chris Aldrich. The Aldrich Dictionary of Phobias and Other Word Families. Trafford Publishing, 2002. ISBN 155369886X. p. 225
- ^ Armenian Swiss website.
- ^ Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies, by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr., 1975), p. 438
- ^ Hamidian Massacres, Armenian Genocide.
- ^ Armenian Genocide Institute
- ^ Letter from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, June 13, 2005
- ^ The Practice of a Century
- ^ EPP-ED Group: The Republic of Turkey
- ^ "Egoyan award winning film not shown yet in Turkey", Toronto Star. Retrieved on 6 May 2006.
- ^ Gray Wolves Spoil Turkey's Publicity Ploy on Ararat
- ^ Ülkü Ocaklari: Ararat Yayinlanamaz (Turkish)
- ^ Ülkü Ocaklari: ARARAT'I Cesaretiniz Varsa Yayinlayin ! (Turkish)
- ^ "In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History," Washington Post, 2005-09-29
- ^ TIME carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide
- ^ TIME MAGAZINE: Carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide
- ^ Harvey, Benjamin (2007-01-24). "Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
- ^ "Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead", BBC News. Retrieved on 19 January 2007.
- ^ By Robert Mahoney (2006-06-15). "Bad blood in Turkey" (PDF). Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
- ^ "IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul". International Press Institute (2007-01-22).
- ^ Committee to Protect Journalists (2007-01-19). "Turkish-Armenian editor murdered in Istanbul". Retrieved on 2007-01-24. "Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism, particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century, as an act of treachery."
- ^ Pogroms
- ^ Survivors of the Maraghar Massacre, Christianity Today.
- ^ Murder Case Judgment Reverberates Around Caucasus, War and Peace Reporting.
- ^ World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture.
- ^ PanArmenian.
- ^ Teymur Rajabov: The enemy is the enemy, we hate Armenians
- ^ "Albanian Myth" (in Russian) / V.A. Shnirelman, "Voyni pamyati. Mifi, identichnost i politika v Zakavkazye", Moscow, Academkniga, 2003
- ^ Benthall, Jonathan (ed.), The best of Anthropology Today, 2002, Routledge, ISBN 0415262550, p. 350 by Anatoly Khazanov
- ^ The Economist: Russia and Chechnya: The warlord and the spook
- ^ Jamestown.
- ^ a b Focus on Faction: Georgian media stirs Abkhazian-Armenian "conflict"
- ^ "Vandalism and misappropriation of Armenian churches in Georgia goes on", PanArmenian.net. Retrieved on 29 November 2008.
- ^ "Armenians of Georgia urge to stop barbarous destruction of Armenian cultural heritage", PanArmenian.net. Retrieved on 29 November 2008.
- ^ "PROTEST ACTION AGAINST ENCROACHMENTS ON ARMENIAN CHURCHES IN GEORGIA HELD IN YEREVAN", defacto.am. Retrieved on 29 November 2008.
- ^ a b LA Observed: Armenian genocide dispute erupts at LAT
- ^ Genocide Controversy Leads L.A. Times Managing Editor To Resign
- ^ Armenian Community Condemns Anti-Armenian Attacks During California Democratic Primary Election
- ^ Weems Interview, Tall Armenian Tale.
- ^ "A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate", New York Times (2006-04-17). Retrieved on 2 September 2006.
- ^ Kerim Kerimov Official Web Page
- ^ http://www.kerimkerimov.az/pics/karikatures/karikatura2_10.jpg
- ^ http://www.kerimkerimov.az/pics/karikatures/karikatura2_74.jpg
- ^ http://www.kerimkerimov.az/pics/karikatures/karikatura2_17.jpg
- ^ Фарида Мамедова: «Разрушив захоронение «Агадеде», армяне в очередной раз пытаются посягнуть на историю Азербайджана», Day. Az daily, January 06, 2006 (in Russian)
- ^ http://apps.new.facebook.com/causes/9249?m=5e8b1
[edit] Further reading
- Hilmar Kaiser: Imperialism, Racism, and Development Theories. The Construction of a Dominant Paradigm on Ottoman Armenians, Gomidas Institute, Ann Arbor (MI) 1997
